Analysis Of The Movie Braveheart - 1529 Words

Dylan Echevarria English 106 Darryl Ellison 30 January 2015 Braveheart: Close Reading As George S. Patton commented about war, Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge. It brings out all that is best; it removes all that is base. All men are afraid in battle. The coward is the one who lets his fear overcome his sense of duty. Duty is the essence of manhood. There is an extensive body of films in the War genre, some of which seem to glorify the bravery and drama of battle, while others portray the gruesome and brutal reality of combat. At their best, these films can stir the audience to an emotional response, building the intensity to a fever pitch as the viewer roots for the good guys and comes to†¦show more content†¦The dramatic arrival of the horseman, combined with the huge army of men dressed in ancient military attire, complete with an array of weaponry and thunderous music, create the atmosphere of war. The troop commander asks the just-arrived messenger how many enemy soldiers there are, t o which the messenger reports that they are really many, â€Å"at least three to one. This response immediately introduces the audience to the dire situation in the film. The setting, costumes, and weaponry also depict the historical era, repeatedly showing the extensive, green battlefields, accurate costuming of the spears, flags, shields and helmets of thirteenth century Scotland. In particular, Wallace, with his unique, blue face paint, seems different even from his men. Furthermore, the color of the horses is symbolic. There are horses outfitted in a variety of colors, but the white ones stand out and are used by the troop leaders. This technique brings out distinction, and possibly a sense of authority for the troop commanders. The historically accurate costuming and setting the scene add to the viewer s sense of being transported back in time, stationed at the side of the battlefield. The filmmaker also makes a creative use of sound in developing characters and the theme of t he movie. Clever use of both sound effects and music enhance the viewing experience and add to theShow MoreRelatedBraveheart Movie Analysis1216 Words   |  5 PagesBraveheart Edward the Longshanks, king of England was a dominant figure bent on obtaining allegiance by most any means available. He was an autocratic leader in that he was the central authority. The only power that he was willing to give was to those that he could still control through fear and bribery. Expansion of his power base came by using the greed of others. Given no concern for human needs, he expected his followers to do what they were told and not think for themselves. Input from othersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Braveheart By William Wallace1570 Words   |  7 Pagesthey might think of the Mel Gibson movie, â€Å"Braveheart†. As that is a great movie, it’s not nearly the full story of William Wallace. Therefore, a hunt for the truth of the real the story was underway. William Wallace was born in 1270’s in Scotland, but not much is known about his childhood but that he lived with his father, Sir Malcom Wallace, on a small piece of land in Scotland. (BBC) and (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica) This is dock number one on the movie. Although some may say, â€Å"Shame onRead MoreBraveheart Figurative Language1522 Words   |  7 Pages Wu 1 Raymond Wu Instructor: Ian Patrick Cresswell English 100 – 03 22 March 2016 MLA Braveheart Speech: In-depth Analysis Regarding Figurative Language Braveheart is a historical drama epic film from 1995. The film was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won five. The film is non-fictional and depicts the events of William Wallace, a Scottish hero who led the Scots during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. However, despite the historical inaccuracies cited by criticsRead MoreMission and Vision Statement-Netflix912 Words   |  4 PagesBMGT- 495 Strategic Management â€Æ' Part 1 For my analysis of mission and vision statements and company’s strategic direction paper, I decided to use Netflix. Netflix mission statement is Our core strategy is to grow our streaming subscription business domestically and globally. We are continuously improving the customer experience, with a focus on expanding our streaming content, enhancing our user interface and extending our streaming service to even more Internet-connected devices, whileRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Braveheart Directed By Mel Gibson1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe film â€Å"Braveheart† directed by Mel Gibson, Alan Ladd Jr. and Bruce Davey is a storyline involving a young man who is determined to secure and rescue his country from invasion despite failures of other members of his family. The analysis is a classic depiction of the integration of various themes involving revenge, perseverance, and betrayal in the passing of the message of world civilization that involved securing Scotland from the powerful English armies. The movie’s use of relevant themes, throughRead MoreEssay about How to Read Literature Like a Professor1562 Words   |  7 Pagesgo there, (d) challenges and trials en route, and (e) a real reason to go there. I believe that almost every literary work consists of a quest, but some are more obvious than others. An example of a quest would be from my all time favorite Disney movie, â€Å"Up†. * (a) A quester: Carl Frederickson (b) A place to go: Paradise Falls (c) A stated reason to go there: When Carl and his wife were younger; they both idolized an explorer named Charles Muntz. They were saving up money to go to ParadiseRead MoreModernization of Ntuc Income Case Study14065 Words   |  57 Pages Popsicle days, and the occasional rock concert. At DY4 Systems Inc. in Ottawa, employees sit on plastic chairs that double as curling rocks for their human curling event. At Kryptonite, CEO Gary Furst dresses up as a Scottish warrior in the movie Braveheart, complete with kilt, face-paint, and bagpiper, when he hands out the bonus cheques. Furst and other executives at the Boston-based bicycle lock maker have also dyed their hair green, held game shows, and hired musicians to entertain the troopsRead MoreModernization of Ntuc Income Case Study14054 Words   |  57 Pages Popsicle days, and the occasional rock concert. At DY4 Systems Inc. in Ottawa, employees sit on plastic chairs that double as curling rocks for their human curling event. At Kr yptonite, CEO Gary Furst dresses up as a Scottish warrior in the movie Braveheart, complete with kilt, face-paint, and bagpiper, when he hands out the bonus cheques. Furst and other executives at the Boston-based bicycle lock maker have also dyed their hair green, held game shows, and hired musicians to entertain the troops

Gran Torino Cultural Conflict And Redemption - 1786 Words

Gran Torino Analysis- A Reflection on Cultural Conflict and Redemption The 2008 movie â€Å"Gran Torino† starring Clint Eastwood is filled with an abundance of cultural diversity, which is met with much resistance, stereotype, and prejudice by the movies’ main character, Walt Kowalski. Walt’s world is changing; his wife dies, his Detroit neighborhood is decaying, his relationship with his sons is distant, and his Korean War memories continue to destroy his ability to fully enjoy life. Through an unlikely bond with the Hmong children next door, Walt finally receives redemption by coming face-to-face with the same destructive prejudices consuming neighborhood teenage gang members that have consumed him. By analyzing this complex and†¦show more content†¦Language is cultural, but it is not always defined entirely by ethnicity or race. The impact of one’s own generation, family histories, society, and values impacts the culture of language. â€Å"Eve n when people speak the same language, there can be differences in communication style and language use† (Martin Nakayama, 2011, p. 150). One can assume that Walt’s racial, prejudiced, and stereotyped view of the world reflects his generation, his military career and involvement in the Korean War, and his factory environment at the Ford plant. His culture of language, albeit offensive, creates a cultural divide within his own family. Though he and his family speak the same language, their inability to communicate inter-culturally creates dysfunction, as shown in the scene â€Å"Unhappy Birthday.† Walt’s oldest son and his wife bring birthday gifts for Walt they think are thoughtful and will make Walt’s life â€Å"easier.† Entirely out of touch with Walt and his goals and values, the gifts and retirement home suggestions are rejected, as is their presence. â€Å"No one can say we didn’t try† (Eastwood, 2008), but the audience k nows better. Had they been more perceptive years ago about Walt’s communication/language culture, their presence would have been the best gift of all. â€Å"Our perspective, our â€Å"lens†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, how weShow MoreRelatedGran Torino : Cultural Conflict And Redemption1840 Words   |  8 PagesCheryl Evans Carol Hayes Interpersonal Communication 11 June 2017 Gran Torino Analysis- A Reflection on Cultural Conflict and Redemption The 2008 movie â€Å"Gran Torino† starring Clint Eastwood is filled with an abundance of cultural diversity, which is met with much resistance, stereotype, and prejudice by the movies’ main character, Walt Kowalski. Walt’s world is changing; his Detroit neighborhood is decaying, his relationship with his sons is distant, and his Korean War memories continueRead MoreFilm Review : Gran Torino Film Gran Verona 1794 Words   |  8 PagesFor Milestone Two project, I have chosen the film Gran Torino starring Clint Eastwood to analyze, this film is filled with a profusion of cultural diversity, which is met with contention, stereotypical actions, and prejudice by the main character, Walt Kowalski. This film begins in a suburb of Detroit, Michigan where the grumpy widower Walt Kowalski is a Retired auto worker and Korean War veteran full of prejudice despising the many Asian, Latino and black families in his neighborhood. Walt’s whole

Case Study The Devil Wears Prada Essay Example For Students

Case Study: The Devil Wears Prada Essay Outline1 Case Study: THE DEVIL WEARS PRADA2 Outline3 Fictional characters AND THEIR BEHAVIORS4 HOW DO THEY AFFECT ON THE ORGANIZATION?5 Analysis Case Study: THE DEVIL WEARS PRADA Outline Andrea Sachs ( Anne Hathaway ) , besides known as â€Å"Andy† , was late graduated from Northwestern University. She came to New York to go a journalist and direct out letters everyplace but she eventually got a call from Elias-Clarke and met person at Human Resources, so she so applied as an helper. Andrea was editor-in-chief of The Daily Northwestern. She besides won a national competition for college journalists with her series on the Janitor’s brotherhood. It merely means one thing. Even though she was slapped in the face by stating she doesn’t have a manner or sense of manner, which was a statement and non a inquiry, she is smart. Ability she has why she got hired by the 1 and merely, Miranda Priestly ( Meryl Streep ) , the icy editor-in-chief of Runway magazine. She was hired for the occupation â€Å"a million misss would kill for† as a junior personal helper. Her deficiency of manner of manner cognition is one of the grounds why she doesn’t tantrum among the other magazine staffs. The senior personal helper, Emily Charlton ( Emily Blunt ) , is condescending to her. Though with the aid of Nigel ( Stanley Tucci ) , Andrea eventually adjust, even though it is step by measure, get downing to dress more stylishly utilizing free interior decorator vesture and other accoutrements that she fits. Luckily she has her size even though she is non skinny at all. She besides encounters author Christian Thompson ( Simon Baker ) , who helped her to acquire the impossible Potter manuscript that Miranda needs for her twin girls. As her occupation continues, the clip for her fellow and friends lessen more. Afterwards, Andrea saves Miranda from societal embarrassment at an event when Emily doesn’t retrieve the name of the nearing invitee. As the consequence after that, Miranda tells Andrea that she will attach to her from all the manner events they will travel, particularly the autumn manner shows in Paris, which was Emily was hungering for months. Andrea was given a pick to travel or non. But if she declines, it merely means that she is non serious about her hereafter. Emily was hit by a auto before Andrea could state that she will non travel to Paris with Miranda, doing Andrea no pick. The dark before traveling to Paris is the gallery exhibit of her friend Lilly’s ( Tracie Thoms ) picture taking, Andrea once more encounters Christian, who flirts with her, which Lilly has witnessed. Because of the force per unit area within the work and on what happened inside the gallery, it affects in her relationship with Nate ( Adrian Grenier ) which they break up as a consequence before she leaves for Paris. Subsequently in the forenoon in Paris, Andrea discovers a program on replacing Miranda as Runway editor with Jacqueline Follet, editor of the Runway Gallic edition. She tried to warn Miranda about it but she is ever disregarding her. Which she found that Miranda knew what was go oning all twenty-four hours long. Subsequently that twenty-four hours, they had this serious conversation sing on the industry they are in to. Andrea so realized that she doesn’t want to be like Miranda. She became another individual because of her occupation which caused her to lose everything she had. Her friends, her fellow, and herself. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, she found herself go forthing the auto, Miranda, and her occupation behind. Traveling back to her old ego. Prosecuting her most wanted work at the film’s decision. .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 , .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .postImageUrl , .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 , .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557:hover , .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557:visited , .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557:active { border:0!important; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557:active , .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557 .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1de5a53e74118c853fac816f5e710557:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free Candides: The Human Corruption Candide EssayShe was the hired with the â€Å"little help† of Miranda with her stating that Andrea was her biggest letdown of all time and if they didn’t engage her they will be imbeciles. In the last shooting, as Andrea walks by in the Elias-Clarke, she saw Miranda and they exchange glimpses. She smiled at her but icy Miranda is ever an icy Miranda. Miranda did non give an indicant of recognizing towards her, but gives a soft smiling inside the auto. But since she is Miranda, she got back to her usual her and severely stating her driver to â€Å"GO! † Fictional characters AND THEIR BEHAVIORS They have the different sort of behaviour which leads them on holding struggles on each other. Miranda Priestly has the potency of holding harmful and aggressive managerial pattern to obtain flawlessness, ill fame, and success at all costs. Very rigorous and perfectionist. Throughout the film, there was a scene that Miranda told Andrea that she is non glamourous and scraggy, and doesn’t have a sense of manner. This sort of behaviour constitutes an insolent type of strong-arming because of the straight abuse to Andrea which can do her violative. Another type of behaviour Miranda has is the manner she manages Andrea. Making her to make such impossible things like acquiring the Potter manuscript within four hours, acquiring her steak at eleven-thirty in the forenoon which the eating house opens at the afternoon, booking her flight in the center of typhoon. And if she did non carry through these things, she would lose her occupation. Andrea tried many times merely to discontinue her occupation but besides changes her head because Miranda threatens to blacklist her from obtaining work in other publications. In this sort of behaviour, she is exercising forced control over Andrea, which makes her no pick but to make what she is told. Andrea was forced to make something she can’t make merely to carry through the high outlooks of her foreman. Not because she want it, but because she need it and she doesn’t have a pick. Because of the environment Andrea has, which is different in the topographic point of her work, non merely Miranda can make such behaviour like intimidation, but besides her colleagues. They gossip and make remarks about Andrea’s manner of dressing and titling herself, which is evidently really far different from the others. But this sort of state of affairs doesn’t make Andrea attention. Possibly, she is merely disregarding them which make her colleagues shocked on her sudden alteration of visual aspect, with aid of the really sort Nigel. In the terminal, she used her assurance on taking the right way for her which is go forthing her work and prosecuting the calling for news media, which is the manner better for her. If she let Miranda took over her control to herself, doing her ain pick or determination, she would neer hold the bravery to go forth the company and her occupation behind. HOW DO THEY AFFECT ON THE ORGANIZATION? Because of this sort of behaviour that Miranda has, everyone who works for her is non on the usual attitude they should be. But, they should be another type of individual merely to carry through the full thing they need to make that can delight their foreman, which is so impossible because of the letdown Miranda ever make them experience. In this instance, they turn out to be scared instead than happy in what they are making. Analysis The film goes with stating that organisations are complicated because they are made up of different types of people. Within these organisations, different sorts of behaviours and attitude exist. In order to decently cognize and understand an organisation, considerations must be made on both positive and negative sides. One must ever place the behaviour, adjust behaviour, and make some schemes in order to last the struggle go oning. In making so, assurance can be obtained, teamwork can do, and healthy relationship between the superior and environment can be possible. .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 , .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .postImageUrl , .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 , .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119:hover , .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119:visited , .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119:active { border:0!important; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .clearfix:afte r { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119:active , .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; bor der: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119 .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc95769cd6bbc0142ab108c67ea8f3119:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Left Foot, The Elephant Man, And Mask Essay

Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success Essay Example

Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success Paper Since the early work of Reep and Benjamin (1968), many aspects of association football have been utilised by researchers within notational analysis. Several researchers (Reilly and Holmes, 1983; Luhtanen, 1988; Dufour, 1993) have however identified the lack of literature existing detailing the exact technical demands with regard to their relative successful performance between specific positions of play. The purpose of the investigation was to deliver such a technical analysis of playing positions within elite level International football at the European Championships 2004. The data were gathered by a specifically designed notation system which collected qualitative data based on the relative successful execution of techniques performed, post event. Players were grouped into positional classes as goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders or strikers. A comparison was also made between the technical distributions of both a successful and unsuccessful team. The Chi Squared statistical test was used to compare differences between the frequency distributions and the differences in technical ratings between positions and the successful and unsuccessful teams. Significance was accepted at the (p0.05) level (Vincent, 1999). Significant differences (p0.05) were found between the frequency distributions of all 3 outfield positions, but no significant differences (p0.05) were found between the accumulated means of technique ratings across all of the performance indicators. Individual variable analysis however showed significant differences (p0.05) occurred between specific performance indicators across positions. We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer No significant differences (p0.05) were discovered between either the frequency distribution or the technical rating of outfield players between successful and unsuccessful teams. A significant difference (p0.05) was however apparent between the frequency distribution of goalkeepers actions between successful and unsuccessful teams. The study implicates that coaches must be selective of which players play within certain positions and that training sessions must be accurate to the specific needs of individuals and their position within a team. 1.0 Introduction The process of hand notation is an important tool, which can be used to inform the coaching process. Hand notation is a cheap, simple, accurate but time consuming method of notation (Hughes and Franks, 2004). It provides a coach with an objective view of the key elements of a performance. Notational analysis can provide many aspects of information to a coach. Hughes (1998) defined the 5 purposes of notational analysis: 1. Analysis of Movement; 2. Educational use for both coaches and players; 3. Tactical Evaluation; 4. Development of a data base/modelling; 5. Technical Evaluation. Due to its structure of incorporating individual techniques within a team framework, association football provides a notational analyst with an ideal field for analysis. Within association football, the use of notational analysis enables coaches to improve aspects of their own teams play, at both an individual or collective level and also to interpret the actions of any future opposition. Reilly and Thomas (1976) adapted a methodology in order to analyse players movement, or more specifically work rate within different positional roles in a first division football team. Observations were made over the course of a season, incorporating a total of 51 competitive games, both home and away. Players movements throughout a game were subdivided into several distinct movement classifications. This allowed the individual movement characteristics of different positional roles to be established and therefore for accurate training strategies to be incorporated. The use of feedback was identified by Franks (1997). Feedback can have an educational use for both players and coaches, as it is an important component of the coaching process. Franks stated that any improvement in performance is a consequence of task related feedback. Feedback can be provided before, during and after a skilled performance to both specific individuals and to whole teams alike. A tactical evaluation of association football was achieved by Yamanaka et al., (1997) who performed a computerised notational analysis of 8 games in the 1994 World Cup Asian Qualifying matches. The respective playing patterns of the teams were analysed, with a particular emphasis upon the Japanese national team. This was achieved by entering 32 actions of players in relation to an 18 cell division of the pitch. From the data it was found statistically significant that Japan used dribbling more as a tactic (p0.05), used more passes (p0.01) and more frequently used a clearing kick (p0.05). Garganta (1998) suggested how the development of a soccer data base/model can be considered as a mediator between a theoretical and an empirical field. He states that it is important to understand a soccer teams organisation and to observe a whole teams actions. Garganta explained how game modelling is acquiring greater importance in order to analyse performance trends and to prioritise any such problems of the training process. A technical evaluation was achieved by Partridge et al., (1993). A specialised computer analysis system was developed, using 38 key events entered in real time by a trained analyst. The system was used to provide a comprehensive technical evaluation of performance by comparing the results of 2 distinct levels of performance, the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the 1990 World Collegiate Soccer Championships. From the results it can be inferred that collegiate coaches must be selective when presenting World Cup teams as an appropriate model of performance as many differences do occur, which makes any comparison invalid. At International football level, where games are decided by small margins, the team that is superior in physiological and motor abilities will have the advantage (Reilly and Holmes, 1983). This places a high emphasis on a team at the elite level possessing high levels of technical ability. Within the literature, there are very few examples of technical analysis, in particular skill analysis involving association football. In this respect, the following study is innovative in two ways: i) By analysing at the exact technical requirements of each position ii) By using qualitative data within a quantitative system. 1.1 Aim of Study The aim of this study is to analyse every individuals technical ability that competes in the European Football Championships of 2004. This measure will be based on a subjectively drawn continuum that analyses a players technical movement throughout the game. It will be investigated if technical differences occur between player positions and between successful and unsuccessful teams. Data will be gathered from matches within the European Championships of 2004, which were held in Portugal. This tournament has been chosen as it provides an ideal environment for a comparison to be made between elite level players competing in an elite sporting environment. Data will be collected using a hand notation system, in the form of a table. The table will consist of six columns: player number; technique performed; technique rating, pitch position, time of action and any outcome (if applicable). 1.2 Hypothesis The hypothesis states that there is a significant difference in the distribution of technique between the different playing positions and between successful and unsuccessful teams at the European Championships 2004. 1.3 Assumptions Certain assumptions are considered during this study. It is assumed that all players selected are of international standard and that all players are competing in the tournament to win. 1.4 Limitations Limitations of the study that depict the nature and length of the investigation include the word limit imposed and the submission date. Variations from the tournament itself may also not give the data a true reflection of reality. Incidents such as injury to key players, conditions and the environment may impact on the manner in which a team or certain individuals perform. As the matches were all recorded from terrestrial television, some data cannot be collected due to its absence from the showing of action replays and other inappropriate footage (Winkler, 1996). The choice of some camera positions and angles also makes some forms of player identification difficult. 1.5 De-Limitations A de-limitation from our research design is that it is impossible to make broad generalisations from our data. The obtained data is so specific to the tournament and elite level players that any such generalisation would be inaccurate and invalid. The analysis is also produced in a very subjective manner using operational definitions and a likert scale, which may also not be universally agreed by people other than the researchers. 1.6 Definition of Terms Technique: The method of performance of an individual against a normative scale. Player Position: An individuals role and function within a teams structure. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Notational Analysis in Football Some of the earliest analysis of association football was carried out by Reep and Benjamin (1968). They analysed over 3000 competitive games from 1953 to 1967 within top division English football and World Cup matches using a simple hand notation system. The position of players actions, the amount of passes before goals and the way in which possession was gained were all notated. From this extensive analysis it was reported that: i. 80% of goals resulted from 3 passes or less ii. 50% of goals result from regaining possession in the final attacking 1/4 iii. It takes 10 shots to score 1 goal Many coaches and managers throughout the English game saw these results as an immediate formula for success. The transfer of these findings into a game situation saw the arrival and development of the traditional long ball game within British soccer. The work of Reep and Benjamin was later taken on further by Bate (1988) in an attempt to disprove a modern day notion that maintaining possession of the ball was the key to accomplishment. From analysing games in the English 3rd division, right up to World Cup level competition, Bate concluded that in order to be a success, teams must portray the following characteristics in their play: i. Play the ball forward as often as possible ii. Reduce the number of square and backwards passes iii. Increase the number of forward passes and forward runs iv. Play the ball into the space behind the defenders as early as possible From Bates (1988) analysis, it can be seen that the determinants of success across a wide range of football were relatively unchanged for a long period of time and that the notion of possession football was not the key to success. Further characteristics of successful play were noted by Winkler (1996). He stated that good teams are capable of defending their own goal well as well as creating more goal scoring opportunities than the opposition. His findings were however contradictory to the research of both Reep and Benjamin (1968) and Bate (1988) by suggesting that successful teams should keep possession of the ball for longer, as opposed to getting the ball as forward as quickly as possible. More recently Luhtanen et al., (2001) adapted a methodology from Luhtanen (1993) to study selected offensive and defensive variables of individuals within the European Championships of 1996 and 2000. The study aimed to examine if any correlation occurred between performance and final position reached in the tournaments. A computerised notation system was used to notate over 2000 actions per game. The actions of the individuals could then be calculated to give means for each of the teams per selected variable. France, who were the winners of Euro 2000 were found to be the highest ranked nation in passing, receiving the ball, running with the ball and tackling. Luhtanen et al. (2001) concluded that this consistent high ranking suggested that France were worthy winners of the tournament. The winners of Euro 1996 however, Germany, were not found to be the highest ranked in any selected variable. Luhtanen et al. (2001) explained this concept by stating that the Germans performed very ordi narily throughout the tournament, and a great deal of luck brought them success. The selection of performance indicators for use in the study may however have only been conducive to certain patterns and styles of play. Although these may have highlighted the attacking nature of Frances performance, they do not take into account factors such as levels of team cohesion and team organisational structure. It may have been high levels of factors such as these which brought the Germans success, not merely luck, as was stated in the review. Luhtanen et al., (2001) summarised that comparisons between team performances across tournaments or time spans couldnt be made absolute due to the numerous changes in team selections, opposition, tactics used and managerial changes. 2.2 Factors determining success within association football Vast amounts of literature are apparent concerning the various aspects of a teams performance, especially those, which bring success. Hughes et al., (1988) developed a methodology to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful teams from the 1986 World Cup by examining the main characteristics of play when in possession of the ball. Successful teams were defined as those teams who progressed to the semi final stages, whereas unsuccessful teams were those who were eliminated after the 1st group stage. Analysis was conducted using 24 performance variables. It was found that successful teams have more touches in possession, had more shots at goal from within the penalty area and approached the final sixth of the pitch by playing predominantly in the central areas. Unsuccessful teams dribbled more and played the ball to the wide areas in their own defensive zones more frequently. The findings of Hughes et al., (1988) study were contradicted by Ali (1988) who conducted a statistical analysis of patterns of play in 18 Scottish Premier Division matches. It was concluded that attacks which proceeded along either wing were more successful, rather than those which were played more centrally. Teams using low pass combination moves combined with centrally based attacks were the factors deciding success in Bishovets et al., (1993) study of 52 World Cup matches. This manner of performance was related to winning teams have a more consistent and reliable understanding between players. Pearce and Hughes (2001) conducted analysis of the perceived successful impact of substitutions in the 2000 European Championships. Data was gathered in the 15 minutes preceding a substitution and in the 15 minutes afterwards. Each performance variable was evaluated and ranked depending on its value of influence. This allowed a show of ratings along a continuum to be created, both of the individual substitute and of the teams performance following the substitutes introduction. Although it was found that 15 minutes of analysis did not produce enough data, midfield was seen to be the most hazardous player position in which to introduce a substitute, due to the high work intensities required immediately by the incoming player. The idea of coding actions according to their difficulty and their success can also been seen in Rico and Bangsbo (1997) study of Denmarks performance in the 1992 European Championships. Actions were noted according to the amount of pressure applied on the performer and conclusions were drawn from the results. The decline of Denmarks passing in their final 3 games was put down to the increased pressure and closeness of the score line related to the latter stages of the tournament. Dooan et al., (1996) conducted a further study to determine the factors, which promote success within soccer. The importance of playing at a high tempo was recognised, due to the constant opponent and time pressures that are placed upon performers. He aimed to compare the efficiency of pass in elite versus non-elite Turkish performers. All passes were recorded as either positive or negative, according to their perceived degree of difficulty and success. It was concluded, as expected that speed, fluency and intensity of pass are all more apparent for elite performers. A further technical study on elite Turkish footballers was reported by Eniseler et al., (1996). The researchers found that Galatasarys failure in European football competition was due to technical and tactical inadequacies as well as a lack of physical conditioning. This method of performance profiling also included recording variables as either positive or negative, according to their execution. A tactical and technical inadequacy leading to failure was also reported by Acar (1996) who analysed the performance of teams playing in derby matches, using both computer and hand notation. The stated research has all described the relative success of play in relation to entire team performances. A team is defined as a system in that a group of players interact in a dynamic fashion concerning a single purpose (Pinto, 1998). Despite a team participating as a homogenous unit, it is also vital to remember that the different individuals comprising a single team make it heterogeneous at the same time (Pinto, 1998). 2.3 Evaluation of Individuals Performance Success in football is very much judged on a teams ability to win matches (Luhtanen et al., 2001). The study of individuals performance can be regarded as invaluable as it is in essence these individuals which comprise any team. Success at any level collectively cannot be achieved without the performance of individuals within this team unit. A great deal of individual analysis has been conducted on the physical demands of football competition and the necessary physiological state for optimum performance (Reilly and Thomas, 1976; Bangsbo, 1997; ODonoghue et al., 2001). Wells and Reilly (2002) attempted to research into the demands of playing position within womens soccer also taking into account performance variables. However the only performance variable measured was kicking distance. This variable seems very irrelevant to determining successful performance within a game situation, particularly within elite level International football. The lack of literature relating to the importance of individuals levels of skill was identified by Reilly and Holmes (1983). Reilly applied 2 methods in order to investigate the notion of skill distribution within soccer. Match analysis of 6 non professional games was carried out looking at skill performances as either successful or unsuccessful. In addition to this analysis, a group of 40 adolescent males, from a variety of outfield positions performed a cross section of skills tests. From the 2 tests, Reilly concluded that significantly: i. Success rate of each skill depends upon pitch location ii. Defensive area provides highest skill success rate iii. Midfield players show more superior test scores to defenders Reilly explained that as the space available from the opponents goal increases, the time available on the ball also increases. This explains why the most successful skills are performed in the defensive area, where less pressure is applied. It was also suggested that a common trend is to place the most poorly equipped players in defensive roles, hence the defenders performing worst on the skills test. James at al., (2002) recognised the importance of studying individuals within a team. He stated that this level of deeper analysis allows a much finer grained overall team examination. In a study of the same team over 21 matches, across various competition types, the analysis aimed to identify the different roles individuals may take across differing circumstances. It was noted that in European competition players played more defensively and played passes involving much less risk. Dufour (1993) completed a technical analysis of outfield players, summarising the percentage of time spent in each action category. For an outfield player it was reported that on the ball playing time was divided into: 50.6% Intercepting, 22.4% Passing, 18.7% Controlling ball, 4.5% Tackling, 2.4% Shooting and 1.4% other activities. Although this analysis enabled a template of the aspects contributing to an outfield players role, no specification was made relating to playing position, taking into account the obvious differences which occur between the outfield positions. The lack of individual analysis relating to the highly specialised position of a goalkeeper was identified by Wooster and Hughes (2001). Goalkeepers were seen as vitally important, as they provide the last line of defence and the first line of attack for any team. From studying 1126 goalkeeper distributions at Euro 2000 with a hand notation system, it was concluded that successful goalkeepers used an equal distribution of kicks and throws, with variety which enabled possession to be maintained in the attacking third of the field. 24% of the 67 goals scored within the tournament all originated from successful goalkeeper distribution. Researchers have also used other methods, other than standardised hand and computer notation systems in order to investigate the performance of individuals. A qualitative analysis of individual movement patterns was performed by Grehaigne et al., (2001). A players effective play space was considered by drawing polygonal lines to create an individuals players action zone. This action zone represented the areas in which 80% of the players activities were performed. Graphic modelling and statistical calculations were used by Chernenjakov and Dimitrov (1988) to help detail individual players performances. By entering specific data into a computer, it allowed players to be arranged in order of their playing effectiveness. Erdmann (1993) described how due to the imprecise, subjective and ambiguous nature of qualitative observations, all quantitative analysis should be performed based upon mechanical properties. Erdmann introduced how by looking at the Kinematics of movement, such as the displacement, velocity and acceleration of movements, individual performance profiles could be built. 2.4 Use of Match Analysis by Coaches As stated by Coghlan (1990) there is enormous pressure on football mangers throughout the world to succeed. In an attempt to bring about such success, notational analysis is being increasingly used within the modern game (Partridge and Franks, 1997). It can help to provide coaches with detailed analysis of observations that would otherwise be missed (Coghlan, 1990). Many coaches now consider information derived from such technological advances to be invaluable (Liebermann et al., 2002). With the pace of the modern day game, team strategies and tactics should be based on something more substantial than opinion (Bate, 1988). Match analysis enables accurate, objective and relevant feedback to be applied to a coach or a performer about past performances (Franks and McGarry, 1996). Due to coaches being active, biased observers of their teams performances, their observations are often not accurate. In a study by Franks and Miller (1986), International level coaches were only able to recollect 30% of the key elements which determined performance with the use of their memory alone (cited in Franks and McGarry, 1996). The presentation of accurate results takes away any subjective views and opinions and allows a coach to build up a portfolio of all future opponents in order to prepare to play against them (Pollard et al., 1988). Olsen and Larsen (1997) showed how the outcome of analysis can be a tool for evaluation and for the development of team tactics. The system responsible for such analysis must however be valid, accurate and easy to use, without large tables of complicated figures and graphs (Gerisch and Reichelt, 1993). Such simple but detailed analysis systems have enabled Norway to maximise its limited resources and to compete on the International football arena (p.220). Franks and Goodman (1986) stated that an objective quantification of critical events during a game is critical for a complete post match analysis. The generated analysis must be used by coaches to instigate an observable change in behaviour, and so an improvement in performance. Liebermann et al., (2002) and Franks and McGarry (1996) reinforced this notion by stating that appropriately timed feedback can significantly improve motor skill acquisition and performance. Reporting to the results of both qualitative and quantitative feedback to a performer can increase performance (Partridge and Franks, 1997). Following matches, a subject was shown analysis results, and video clips from relevant expert performances which related to his previous performance. Over the course of 6 games, the subjects performance across 15 measured variables did improve. This performance increase was directly related to the analysis procedures the player was subjected to between performances. 2.5 Individual Roles Within a Team Framework Although a team unit is comprised of 11 individuals, all 11 players must assume certain roles and functions in order to make such a team unit a success. Subconsciously, players and coaches alike have a universal knowledge of which technical components are required in order to play in each position within association football. There is however very little research to either reinforce or question these concepts. Having an exact technical analysis of the precise playing requirements of each position would allow accurate training schedules and more accurate player profiles to be established. Many coaching publications state the necessary credentials to play in certain positions within soccer (Smith, 1973; Cook, 1982). These publications are however based upon opinion, as opposed to exact epidemiological research. Much ambiguity does exist between these opinions and the reported differences. Wiemeyer (2003) in interviewing 14 coaches, across varying participation levels in order to establish positional technical demands emphases this. In only one case did all coaches agree of the exact functions of a position.

Colton Sefton Essays (569 words) - Contract Law, Food And Drink, Law

Colton Sefton M.Ricker BUS 222 Spring 2017 Exam #3 Essay portion Part C. Question 8. Walid will not prevail in any lawsuits made against the franchise. The reasons why Walid will not prevail is that he is in contract with Dunkin Donuts and therefore must follow their outlined contract guideline and business model. Even though Dunkin donuts accommodated Walid religious belief for 14 years even providing signs; Dunkin decided to reverse their course. Terminating the contract with Walid was "for cause" reasons being that Walid did not carry the full line of products. Walid could file for wrongful termination in that Dunkin Donuts did not give him a reasonable notice. Dunkin could argue that he was given reasonable notice by not letting him open a new store and starting business. Depending on Dunkin Donuts contract time which usually ranges from one to five years of length Walid would have until the end of that time to close his stores. Depending on the time Dunkin terminated the contract would matter in this case. Conclusion is that Walid has a breach of contract for 14 years. Walid will not prevail due to his breach of franchise contract. Walid could also file for a prima facie case . Part A. Question 3. Normally in this situation Brenda would be able to get her money back on behalf of the banks Negligence, but Brenda did not file a suit within the one year period. The UCC places an absolute time limit on the liability of the bank. The customer who fails to report a forged signature within ONE YEAR from the date that the statement was made available for inspection. Brenda has lost the legal right for the bank to have refunded or recredited her account. Brenda also has the duty to promptly examine bank statements with reasonable care and to report any alterations or forged signatures. On behalf of Brenda's negligence to examine checks to her account on time she will suffer the losses due to the excided time limit permitted by the UCC. Part B. Question 6. Under chapter 13 bankruptcy a debtor may be able to discharge debts if the court grants the discharge. Under a chapter 13 payment plan certain student loans can be discharges, but only if the court finds that payment of the debtor would constitute an undue hardship from the debtor. In Freddie Krueger's case of getting laid off and not being able to make payments the courts would question why he was laid off and if he did it voluntarily. In Freddie's support, he could claim he has no disposable income to set aside for a situation likewise. The courts could make it able for Freddie to have some sort of disposable income for future situations. The goal being to help Freddie in his bankruptcy he would need to continue making payments which would mean he would need to find another job. Part C. Question 9. Doc's sports clubs franchise agreement with Elite fitness states that Doc's contract can be terminated at any time for a "cause". Under the termination of franchise a legitimate "cause" can be failure to meet specified quotas. If the "friends and family" membership quota is outlined in the franchise agreement and Doc's does fail to meet the contract agreement then Elite Fitness can infect terminate the contract. Doc cannot make claims of wrongful termination either due to the clearly outlined contract he entered.

How does Les Murray use sound features to convey the heroism of Bill Tuckett Essays

How does Les Murray use sound features to convey the heroism of Bill Tuckett Essays How does Les Murray use sound features to convey the heroism of Bill Tuckett Essay How does Les Murray use sound features to convey the heroism of Bill Tuckett Essay Essay Topic: Literature Les Murrays Morse is a poem about Bill Tuckett and his heroic surgery, however through the effective use of sound techniques several levels of meaning are created; of the Morse code and how poetry is dying out. Les Murray emphasizes throughout the poem isolation, Morse code and conveys the heroism of Bill Tuckett using plosives, rhyme and rhythm. One of the sound features used to convey the heroism of Bill Tuckett is plosives. Les Murray crafts Morse into a poem with words that is interpreted in more than one way. Plosives such as c, k, t and p sound like tapping noises, very much like that of Morse code. To the reader this link to Morse code is very entertaining because the constant tapping such as the ck and tt of Tuckett and the p and t of patient. This evokes a positive atmosphere; one to support the heroism of Bill Tuckett conveyed through this humorous tone. Furthermore Les Murray uses plosives in pluck and epoch. These are words that are rarely used in this age are considered archaic which in use matches the era of Bill Tuckett. This adds realism and humour to Morse. This realism emphasizes the isolation of the area and how there is nobody except Bill Tuckett to do the surgery which increases the heroism of Bill Tuckett. Plosives also are very short syllables which speed up Morse evoking an urgent atmosphere. Les Murray conveys the urgency to give the effect of Bill Tuckett trying to quickly send Morse to others. Even though he is a hero because of the surgery, his fast sending of Morse has made a hero is Morse as well. The plosives in Morse convey heroism through the tapping noise, being archaic and the urgency. Another of the sound features is rhyme which conveys the heroism of Bill Tuckett through isolation, urgency and entertainment. Les Murray uses some assonance in slit but slit and razor blade portraying dark images of horror and evoking a negative atmosphere. However the words that rhyme end in plosives like lack luck, and pluck which creates an echo. The echoing of sounds is very entertaining to the reader which evokes a positive atmosphere. The contrast between the positive atmosphere and the negative atmosphere reduces the intensity of the horror which conveys Bill as being less horrible through is horrifying actions of the surgery but instead very heroic for what he has done. In all lines of Morse they end in a plosive except for the line which ends in gone. Les Murray uses this to emphasize the line Morse keys have mostly gone which is suggesting that Morse or even poetry is being used less and less. Les Murray is emphasizing the point to convey the importance of the theme and show that since it is running out and he is using Morse effectively, Bill Tuckett is heroic. Rhyme in Morse conveys the heroism of Bill Tuckett through the pleasure of rhyme and his Les Murrayss use of Morse. Heroism is conveyed by Bill Tuckett through rhythm. Morse is made up of short syllables and long syllables. Les Murray creates the effect of short corresponding to the dit of Morse code as well as the long syllables corresponding to the dah of Morse code which is entertaining to the reader because there are several levels of meaning. Because it is entertaining this reiterates the positive atmosphere therefore emphasizing the Positivity of the heroism of Bill Tuckett. A pause is used in Stanza one where there are lots of commas between heat, glare and dust to portray imagery of a difficult environment. Les Murray is emphasizing how its hard for Bill Tuckett to cope and conveys heroism. Throughout Stanza two there is a lack of pauses as there is no full stops therefore evoking an urgent atmosphere. This urgency reiterates Bill Tuckett sending Morse and conveys Bill Tuckett as being heroic. Rhythm in Morse conveys the heroism of Bill Tuckett through the syllables corresponding to Morse code and pauses conveying the difficult environment. In Morse, Les Murray conveys the heroism of Bill Tuckett effectively through rhythm, rhyme and plosives which portray several levels of meaning. Themes of isolation, the loss of art; poetry and Morse are conveyed through the urgent and positive atmosphere. Les Murray conveys to the reader that the art of poetry is important and should be recognised and appreciated.

Market Data and Pay Grades and their Structures Essay

Market Data and Pay Grades and their Structures - Essay Example The desserts and pastries offered include pies, cakes, donuts, cupcakes, and many other treats. To differentiate our service, we offer personalization to include names, phrases, or exact matched colors. With this service, we are providing high quality personalized sweets and treats to our customers. Compensation Needs Direct compensation will be based on education and experience for each position. Thus, each position will receive different levels of direct compensation based on their job description. Directors, supervisors, and the human resources department will all be salary based. For indirect compensation, each will be offered medical, dental, and vision insurance and a 401k retirement plan. Other indirect compensation will include holidays, vacation, sick, and paid time off. To ensure employee morale remains high, merit pay increases offered based on work performance and incentives offered based on company performance. HR Mission Simple Sweet Six Corporation is dedicated to the provision of the highest quality of services to its clients while treating each person with value, friendliness, company pride, and a sense of warmth. To our employees: SSS is committed to providing its staff with equal opportunities for learning and personal growth in a working environment that is stable and favorable to all. We will provide quality services and support in employment, training and development, employee relations, benefits, compensation, and safety to all employees. This will help to better serve our clients. Lastly, the firm will treat each employee with respect, equity, and value within the organization. Job Profiles and Market Data and Analysis Human Resource Manager The human resource manager in Simply Sweet Six is responsible for managing the most important resources of the organization. The manager provides consistent, proactive and practical assistance to employees in addition to provision of advice and direction. The manager reports to the director while his /her services are to all managers in other departments on HR policies within the firm. Due to the requirements of the position, the HR manager is responsible for hiring and recruitment of employees in the organization. He/she also organizes employee training and designs a compensation systems for employees together with other management team members of the company. The employees’ database is developed and maintained by the HR manager. Specific responsibilities of the manager are as outlined in the next section. To define the strategy for learning and recruitment of employees in the organization, set high measures, principles, and provision of solution to HR issues facing the firm. Throughout his/her duties, the HR manager will provide pragmatic and consistent guidance to employees and giving them advices on resolution of conflicts, attendance and issues related to employee performance. The HR manger should identify practical solutions to practical and complex issues related t o the management of human resources to the management of the SSS. The HR manager will compile and manage HR documentation for use by other managers. Moreover, he/she would brief other managers on HR policies adopted by the organization especially in relation to establishment of a winning team to solve complex issues within the firm. The HR manager liaises with the recruitment team in the organization in order to harmonize compensation issues related to each job category. In addition, he/she prepares the payroll data for

The topic can be proposed by the writer Assignment - 19

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Assignment Example As a result of falling out between Louise and Sarah, Sarah decided to vote for shares in violation of the agreement with James. Was Sarah right to vote for James shares in violation of the agreement signed with James? The court of trial held that the rightful holders of the office are those people who are elected in a written consent. It reasoned that the consent was effective if only Sarah’s votes counted towards the majority side and her vote could only be counted is her agreement with James did not bind them. For an individual to act effectively as a proxy, a document must identify the shares that are to be voted by the agent. Proxies are usually revocable unless they are able to satisfy the requirements. A duly proxy that can be executed is only irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and only if it is coupled with a sufficient interest in law supporting a power that is irrevocable. The court ruled that James had no power to vote for his share by the time he made contract with Sarah. Basing on the foregoing, we hold that the proxy James gave to her daughter- Louise, failed to satisfy all the requirements of a proxy hence it was

Democracy though media Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Democracy though media - Article Example The new media has exponentially augmented the access to information and has dramatically expanded the scope of free speech. The global flow of information has enabled people around the world to test and contrast the archaic models of civic life with the emerging trends and influences. The pivotal question in this context is that is the new media ubiquitous and if it is so, does it have the potential to contribute to the cause of democracy at a global scale? I s new media contributing to democratic values in Castro’s Cuba or in war ravaged Afghanistan? A general perusal of the history establishes beyond doubt that one or other form of media did play an essential role in the dissemination of political values and ideologies in the 20th century. Lenin’s smuggling of Iskra into Russia, nine decades ago is an apt example of the subversion of a regime through the usage of media (Leighley, 2003). The ground for the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1978 was possibly laid down when the supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini managed to smuggle audio cassettes into the mosques in Iran (Leighley, 2003). Actually, in many cases, the media was able to impart an aura of credibility to the political content transmitted through it, thereby manifold increasing its effectiveness and impact. For example, when the B92 Radio Station in Serbia was banned by the Milosevic regime, it managed to remain on air by closely associating with the international news organizations like CNN, BBC and Voice of America (Leighley, 2003). The net result was that the cover age of B92 being transmitted into Serbia from outside began to be regarded by its recipients as more credible and authentic than before. The recent Spring Revolution in the Middle East had an inevitable new media element associated with it. The same stands to be true for the recent uprisings in Indonesia. To a great extent it is true that though media has already been a part of most

Fungal Collection, Culturing and Identification

Fungal Collection, Culturing and Identification Abstract Fungi are Eukaryotic cells that are able to synthesize enzymes when required to break down complex mono and polysaccharides when in contact with it. There is much to understand with this fascinating Kingdom that the Fungi belong to as Biotechnology within these organisms may play a fundamental role within Industrial waste. There is much to study and learn from these organisms and possible outcomes of collecting, culturing and Identifying these complexed organisms as they may possibly resolve and revolutionize the waste industry to prevent damage and ecologically reverse damage to the planet. Chapter 1:  Introduction Overview 1. Fungi Are a large group of eukaryotic organisms that are classified as having its own recognized kingdom. This kingdom has an enormous variety that includes unicellular microorganism and multicellular organisms that are separate from the other kingdoms of life. It is Estimated anywhere between 1.5 to 5 million species exist. These unique organisms contain properties that produce fungal compounds that provides many possible applications within industry. General characteristics of fungi include but not limited to: Cell wall consists of Chitin. Fungi are heterotrophs meaning they are not able to produce their own food, but obtain Its nutrients by the absorption of its surroundings by the secretion of digestive enzymes. In an ecological system, fungi are described as decomposer organisms. It is now known that the DNA of fungi are more related to animals than plants. These organisms are abundant worldwide, A majority of fungi are not clearly visible due to their small size, structure, and perplexed biological processes in soil or on dead matter. 2. Classification / Taxonomy Taxonomy is a scientific method to group biological organisms on the grounds of characteristics and naming the organisms into groups or categories. Formally only 5% of Kingdom Fungi has been formally classified, methods of arrangement have been based on biological taxonomy based upon different characteristics such as type of hypha, spore, and reproduction process. This provides a template of key features to identify and class organisms in the form of a list. All concepts are man-made and to a certain degree are arbitrary. 3. Morphology General: Fungi displays itself in a wide variety of size and shape, from unicellular, microscopic organisms to more advanced multicellular forms that are able to be seen with the naked eye. Fungi cell size ranges from 1 to 30. Fungi that are microscopic are classified as molds, yeasts or both. Molds: Are larger multicellular organisms that contains a network of branching filaments. This is called hyphae. The two known types of hyphae are vegetative and reproductive hyphae. The reproductive hyphae contain spores (fungal spores are different from bacterial spores as bacterial spores are for the fundamental purpose of survival in harsh conditions as opposed to reproductive purposes for fungi). The spores produced from fungi are used for the role of classification and identification of fungi. The hyphae are described to contain a tube-like appearance, the hyphae and other structures combine to form an elaborate network called a mycelium. Yeasts: These single-celled organisms are large (5 to 8) that rarely form filaments. Most yeasts undergo an asexual process referred to as budding. Colonies of yeast are usually described as having a surface considered to be smooth similar to many bacteria. 4. Physiology Is the scientific observation of living systems in organisms, focusing on nutrition, reproduction, and growth. Nutrition for most fungi contain enzymes that are complex with other chemical substances that diffuse from the fungi to break down complex substances that are available, e.g. wood, vegetation, bread etc. into simpler substances that is digested by fungi. The products of digestion are formed outside of the organism and the fungus absorbs the end products. Reproduction for fungi is unique as organisms can reproduce sexually or asexually, or both depending upon various factors e.g. the species, the environmental factors etc. Sexual reproduction undergoes when two spores are compatible to reproduce with one another. Growth for fungi are similar as to the growth of bacteria, favourable conditions involve warmth and moisture. As the temperature lowers, fungal activity also lowers. However, spores are very resistant to cold temperatures for long periods of time. At high temperatures, fungi are easily killed. Figure 1: Typical mycelium structure of a fungus Figure 2: Morphology and General Properties of Fungi. Figure 2 describes the morphology of an individual colony of fungi growing in a Petri dish. Figure 2 can be used to establish and identify organisms in the fungi Kingdom.Each type of fungus will produce different colonies. Specific terminology is established to describe the different types of common colony forming organisms. Size The size of a colony is measured by the diameter. Form This establishes the basic shape of the colony in question e.g. if its circular, filamentous, etc. Elevation This establishes how to describe a colony from observing the colony at an angle. Surface This establishes how to describe the appearance of the colony whether if it is rough, wrinkled, smooth, etc. Opacity- This describes how translucent the colony in question is e.g. transparent (clear), opaque etc. Colour Also referred to as pigmentation of the colony of whether if the colony has a distinguishable colour associated with the organism. Identifying similarities between different fungal organisms allowing the organisms to be catalogued in a unique way for different Phyla to be established and recognizing different organisms to be closely related to one another depicted in figure 3 creating a cluster of analysis. Figure 3 is a cluster analysis. In Figure 3. The 26 sites cluster into four major groups from A to D. These sites have been clustered based on similarities of the fungal community that the organisms belong to. 4. Species To Examine a group of fungi that would have similar traits. The filamentous fungi contain cells that grow as tubular, elongated, and thread-like structures. These structures are called hyphae, which may contain multiple nuclei and extend by growing at their tips. Each tip contains a set of aggregated vesicles cellular structures consisting of proteins, lipids, and other organic molecules associated with fungi chemical compound production. Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi. This genus is of major importance in the food and drug industry. Some members of this genus produce the antibiotic penicillin, a molecule that is used to kill or inhibit the growth of certain kinds of bacteria inside the body. Other species are used in cheese making. The characteristics to expect typically consists of a highly-branched network of multinucleate, septate, usually colourless hyphae. The mycelia contain many-branched conidiophores, the conidiospores are the main route of dispersal of the fungi, and often are green in colour. Aspergillus Is a genus a genus that is recognized as a mould species found in various climates worldwide. This genus is known as a group of conidial fungi, which in turn cause this group to be in an asexual state. Members of the genus possess the ability to grow where a high osmotic concentration (high sugar, salt, etc. exists. The species are highly aerobic and are widely found where oxygen-rich environments on the surface of substrates. Commonly grown on carbon-rich substrates like monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and polysaccharides (e.g. amylose). Starchy foods are generally contaminated by this genus. Talaromyces Is a genus of fungi, described as species in the genus form soft, cottony fruit bodies with cell walls with an intricate network of hyphae. The fruit bodies are often described with yellowish characteristics or are surrounded by yellowish granules. Rhizomucor Is a genus of fungi that are described to be thermophilic, with a minimum growth temperature of 20 ° C with a maximum growth temperature of 60 ° C. Trichoderma Is a genus of fungi that is present in all soils, they are most prevalent culturable fungi as they are fast growing at 25 30 ° C, colonies are transparent at first on media such as cornmeal dextrose agar (CMD) or white on richer media such as potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidia typically form within a week in shades of green or yellow pigment. A yellow pigment maybe secreted into the agar, especially on PDA. Industrial applications involve enzyme production for cellulose, xylanase and chitinase. Fusarium Is a genus of filamentous fungi. Its industrial application is used in human consumption. This genus is produced and marketed under the name Quorn. 5. Culturing Organisms of interest will be cultured in the lab and Identified accordingly on the characteristics they exhibit by Classical Methods that rely on direct observation of fungi, including microscopy as well as direct sampling of fungal fruiting bodies, incubation of substrata in most chambers, culturing of endophytes and particle plating. 6. Laboratory Methods Are used to collect, culture, and identify organisms in the lab with the following processes of Aseptic Technique, Microscopy, and biochemical analysis. 7. Aseptic Technique Is a critical method to successfully observe fungal growth and distinct characteristics with the prevention of microbial contamination. This technique is carried out in a variety of ways. The use of a Bunsen burner when dealing with petri dishes to keep the laboratory environment as clean as possible and to prevent possible contamination, as well as sterilising inoculation loops when inoculating fungal organisms. A disinfectant such as Distil is utilized to ensure that the work surfaces and equipment are free from possible contamination. It is also encouraged to flame any containers where appropriate before and after use. This is to prevent any unwanted organisms being introduced in the lab when observing the interested fungal organisms with the interest to preserve fungal purity. 8. Microscopy Classical Methods of identification of fungal organisms are examined under a microscope to identify specific characteristics within fungi. Specific families of fungi are able to by morphologically identified by colourless hyphae that would be presented on organisms. Others are able to be characterized by dark colonies and pigmented fungal elements seen on microscopic examination of fungal material that was prepared by biopsy. Fungi that has the ablity to infect hair and nails; often displays fluffy or fine texture and are pale coloured with distinct hyphae. Biochemical Tests Are laboratory methods to Identify fungal organisms. These include carbohydrate fermentation, this tests whether a certain yeast ferments different carbohydrates. Carbohydate assimilation studies: this tests whether a yeast can aerobically utize various carbon and nitrogen compounds with oxygen. API 20C system involves freeze-dried sugars are placed into wells on a plstic strip, yeast medium is pipetted into wells, incubated and turbidity determines growth. Uni-yeast tek system Identifies yeasts based on their ablity to ferment certain sugars. Media Selecting the correct media for optimal fungal growth in the lab is essential. Sabourauds Dextrose agar (SDA) is sufficient for culturing fungi as its rich in nutrients to support fungal growth and is a preferred medium. Enzymes Enzymes play a fundamental role in fungal extracellular activity. Enzymes are synthesized inside the cell and are secreted outside the cell. The main function of these enzymes involve the breakdown of complex macromolecules into smaller units to be digested by the cell for growth and assimilation. Organic matter such as cellulose are degraded into simple sugars that enzyme-producing organisms use as a source of carbon, energy, and nutrition. Enzymes are categorized in the following: hydrolases, lyases, oxidoreductases and transferases. These enzymes breakdown complexed compounds in specific ways for the cell to take up nutrients. Fungi are widely diverse giving this kingdom the Application in Industry Microorganisms produce enzymes, with current understandings of cell knowledge and recombinant protein, it is possible to modify the cell to produce enzymes with more efficient proderties e.g. better yield and purity. For saccharification of plant polysaccharides and biofuel production, fungi are valuable sources for enzyme production. Enzymatic degradation of wastes. Waste material is a fundamental factor in Industry. A majority of pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural and forestation waste costs more to dispose of properly than sometimes the production. This results in several problems leading to environmental, health and safety issues that prevent sustainable development that could be dealt with in alternative ways for the aim to reduce waste. Current technology is investigating if Enzymes are able to play a fundamental role in waste degradation to prevent, reduce, reuse, and recycle pharmaceutical waste that would be considered costly to properly dispose of. Fungi is recognized to be a complexed eukaryotic cell that may hold the answers industry is looking for to improve these matters. References: Bright Hub Education. (2017). Animal, Plant, and Fungi Phylogeny: A Surprising Relationship in Eukaryota Phylogeny. [online] Available at: http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/8061-relationship-between-animal-plant-and-fungi-phylogeny/ [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Arnold, P. (2017). Facts about Fungi and Types of Fungus. [online] Bright Hub. Available at: http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/59758.aspx [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Bright Hub Education. (2017). Definition of Fungus, Based on Fungi Phylogeny. [online] Available at: http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/9115-defining-fungi-with-phylogeny/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Microbiology, (2016). Morphology and general and general properties of fungi. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/amjadkhanafridi4all/morphology-and-general-and-general-properties-of-fungi [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. keote, g. (2017). MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/21450341/MORPHOLOGY_AND_CLASSIFICATION_OF_BACTERIA [Accessed 6 Jan. 2017]. Novozymes.com. (2017). Selecting enzymes. [online] Available at: http://www.novozymes.com/en/about-us/our-business/what-are-enzymes/finding-and-producing-enzymes [Accessed 6 Jan. 2017]. Amfep.org. (2017). How Enzymes are made? | Amfep Association of Manufacturers and Formulators of Enzyme Products. [online] Available at: http://www.amfep.org/content/how-enzymes-are-made [Accessed 6 Jan. 2017]. Znameroski, E., Coradetti, S., Roche, C., Tsai, J., Iavarone, A., Cate, J. and Glass, N. (2012). Induction of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in Neurospora crassa by cellodextrins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(16), pp.6012-6017. Sciencedirect.com. (2017). The role of carbon starvation in the induction of enzymes that degrade plant-derived carbohydrates in Aspergillus niger . [online] Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087184514000607 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Jun, H., Kieselbach, T. and Jà ¶nsson, L. (2011). Enzyme production by filamentous fungi: analysis of the secretome of Trichoderma reesei grown on unconventional carbon source. Microbial Cell Factories, 10(1), p.68. Jun, H., Kieselbach, T. and Jà ¶nsson, L. (2011). Enzyme production by filamentous fungi: analysis of the secretome of Trichoderma reesei grown on unconventional carbon source. Microbial Cell Factories, 10(1), p.68. Taherzadeh, M. and Karimi, K. (2008). Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9(9), pp.1621-1651. El-Shishtawy, R., Mohamed, S., Asiri, A., Gomaa, A., Ibrahim, I. and Al-Talhi, H. (2015). Saccharification and hydrolytic enzyme production of alkali pre-treated wheat bran by Trichoderma virens under solid state fermentation. BMC Biotechnology, 15(1). Canilha, L., Chandel, A., Suzane dos Santos Milessi, T., Antunes, F., Luiz da Costa Freitas, W., das Graà §as Almeida Felipe, M. and da Silva, S. (2012). Bioconversion of Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol: An Overview about Composition, Pretreatment Methods, Detoxification of Hydrolysates, Enzymatic Saccharification, and Ethanol Fermentation. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2012, pp.1-15. Østergaard, L. and Olsen, H. (2010). Industrial Applications of Fungal Enzymes. Industrial Applications, pp.269-290. Kuhad, R., Gupta, R. and Singh, A. (2011). Microbial Cellulases and Their Industrial Applications. Enzyme Research, 2011, pp.1-10. Cell.com. (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.cell.com/trends/biochemical-sciences/fulltext/S0968-0004(16)30024-X [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017]. Webster, J. and Weber R.W.S. (2007) Introduction to Fungi, 3rd edn., Published in the United States of America : Cambridge University Press, New York. Schmit, J,P. and Lodge, D,J. (2004) Classical Methods and Modern Analysis for Studying Fungal Diversity, The Forest Products Laboratory: The University of Wisconsin. Crous, P.W., (2005) Fungal Taxonomy, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. Hibbett, D.S., Binder, M., Bischoff, J.F., Blackwell, M., Cannon., P.F., et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi, Online: Elsevier Ltd. Wickerham L.J., (1950) Taxonomy of Yeasts, Northern Regional Research Laboratory: Agricultural Research Administration. Moore R.T., (1980) Taxonomic Proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts, Botanica Marina: Botanica Marina. Perez J., Munoz-Dorado J., Rubia, T.D.L., Martinez, J. (2002) Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin: an overview, Online: Springer-Verlag and Sem 2002. Acharya, T. (2014). Common Fungal Culture Media and their uses microbeonline. [online] microbeonline. Available at: http://microbeonline.com/common-fungal-culture-media-uses/ [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017].      

Discuss the view that Tony Lumpkin is nothing more than a comic country bumpkin

Traditionally the pastoral genre celebrates the virtues of simple, unsophisticated life far from the city or court, in which the population is stereotyped as unintelligent and fatuitous. Tony is characterised as jovial and carefree through language and form. He is uninhibited and is interested in ‘fun going forward’ without being diverted by any sense of commitment, ‘mother, I cannot stay’, which mirrors the unpredictability of nature and country. Through characterisation, Goldsmith uses Tony’s character as a symbol for the simple, idyllic country life where drinking, enjoyment and singing are paramount. Although Goldsmith challenges this stereotype of the rural population through the character of Tony throughout She Stoops to Conquer and subsequently illuminates the theme of opinion vs. reality. Goldsmith’s nominalisation of Tony Lumpkin initially presents his character as stereotypic of a simple country dweller. ‘Lumpkin’ could be a subtle indication of Tony’s figure. Lump’ suggests that Tony is a stout man, which reflects his uninhibited lifestyle lead in the country; relaxing and singing songs in the Three Pigeons, ‘toroddle, toroddle, toroll’. This mirrors Third Century idealised pastoral life in which shepherds and shepherdesses enjoyed a life of blissful ease, thus presenting Tony as an unsophisticated character who lacks the refinement of a man of the town ‘br ed a scholar’. Moreover, Lumpkin is similar to the word ‘bumpkin’ which is a derogatory term for a simple rustic, further implying Tony’s lack of grace. Goldsmith enhances this depiction of Tony’s carefree lifestyle through the setting of the alehouse. ‘Several shabby fellows’ are identified in this setting which reflects the lower social class facet of society which Tony associates with, the adjective ‘shabby’ suggests that this is a relatively impoverished group of local country dwellers who, like Tony, are content with drinking ‘punch’ and smoking ‘tobacco’. The song sung in said alehouse by Tony perpetuates the fact that he lives the unprosperous life of a country bumpkin. The words ‘nonsense’ and ‘learning’ are juxtaposed in the lyrics to show Tony is uninterested in education, and furthermore that he is a lazy and unambitious character; which is how country folk are presented to behave in the pastoral genre. Nonetheless, Goldsmith establishes Tony’s character as much more than this, as he is able to deceive the town folk into believing Hardcastle’s home is ‘an inn. ’ Tony’s deception is also rather profound as he diverts Marlow and Hastings from the ‘long, dark, boggy’ road which they intended to travel. The numerous adjectives listed shows Tony as a rather manipulative character with more intelligence than was first shown, which is an anti-pastoral presentation of Tony considering country folk were thought to be kind and welcoming. Through this Goldsmith challenges the stereotypes of the country, as Tony, a supposed country bumpkin is able to mislead the town folk with supposed ‘excellent understanding’. This farce encompasses the themes of appearances and stereotypes into the plot and undermines the simplicity of Tony’s character. Goldsmith parallels Tony with the servants and doric characters like Diggory, which the country hosts. The poor grammar of Diggory, ‘parfectly unpossible’, shows his low levels of intellect; supposedly as a result of rustic life. Goldsmith uses Tony’s language and dialect to show his similarly plain and simple life in the country. Goldsmith incorporates malapropisms into Tony’s speech which shows his limited intellect. He frequently confuses ‘genius’ with ‘genus’, which creates a humorous irony since the very word he is using incorrectly, he has used to describe himself, shown through the personal pronoun ‘my genus. ’ This creates comedy as well as reflecting to the audience Tony’s simplicity. Furthermore, Goldsmith utilises the word ‘ecod’ in Tony’s speech, which was 18th century jargon used to express mild surprise, meaning ‘oh God. ’ However Tony’s speech often encompasses this word even in situations which are not surprising or exciting, this suggests that Tony’s life in the country is lacking vivacity and therefore he must find excitement in the most sullen situations, which seldom occupy the life of a ‘bumpkin’. However, Tony often provides witty remarks which entertain the audience but also contradict the interpretation that Tony is just a ‘bumpkin. When acting as witness for the theft of Mrs Hardcastle’s ‘bobs’, Tony says ‘I’ll say I saw them taken out with my own eyes’, which is comically ironic since he ‘got them’ himself and therefore actually did see them ‘taken out’. The dramatic irony of the situation relays to the audience the c omedy and wit of Tony’s conversation. Contrarily, Mrs Hardcastle remains ignorant to the whole ruse, contrasting Tony’s aptitude for the situation, which presents him as superior and separate from the ignorance of the other country dwellers. Goldsmith embellishes this subtle superior presentation of Tony through the utilisation of stage directions. At the alehouse Tony is seated ‘a little higher than the rest’, which presents him as having relative authority over the other ‘fellows’. Furthermore, his song creates a harmony within the group and unites the men, which Goldsmith shows through the unanimous ‘hurrah’ said by ‘omnes’; Latin for ‘all’. Both devices present Tony as a figure resembling a shepherd, protective of his flock. Despite the pastoral connotations this presentation of Tony shows him to have relative power and authority, separating him from the other doric characters and thus suggesting he is more than a comic country bumpkin. Alternatively, Vicki Janik describes Tony as â€Å"the most ignorant of the country bumpkins†. Through Mrs Hardcastle, Goldsmith reveals that Tony isn’t well educated, ‘I don’t think a boy wants much learning. ’ Tony’s lack of education and structure in life; indulged by his doting mother, has resulted in his ‘consumptive figure’ and his occasional lack of awareness. Goldsmith highlights Tony’s flawed character through Mrs Hardcastle’s deception of ‘concealing (his) age’ so that he may not claim his inheritance. In fact it is revealed Tony has been of age for ‘three months’, the absurdity of the situation ameliorates the comedy as well as augmenting the stupidity of Tony’s character, since he cannot even track his own age; complimenting Janik’s criticism. Moreover, considering that in Georgian England, most country dwellers were uneducated; Tony is clearly an accurate stereotype of a bumpkin. Tony’s lack of education, ‘the ale-house and the stable are the only schools he’ll ever go to’, also reflect Tony’s limited horizons which means he’s confined to his country life without hope of improvement; this is shown through Goldsmith’s use of ‘only’. Tony’s small scope of existence illuminates the simplicity of his life and that of a bumpkin. However, Goldsmith shows that Tony does have some degree of awareness of his situation, as he asks his mother ‘let me have my fortin’, demonstrating that Tony is not contented with his current finance and wishes to pursue his inheritance. This drama is recurring throughout the play which shows Tony’s determination to become financially independent and ‘be made a fool of no longer’ since currently he is only able to go to ‘the alehouse so often’ because he has ‘a key to every drawer’ of his ‘mother’s bureau’. This suggests that Tony is not merely a country bumpkin since he demonstrates a certain greed more commonly associated with the town with their ‘vanity and affectation’, therefore not all the qualities of his character conform to the stereotype of a country bumpkin. Goldsmith uses a cyclical structure to further highlight how Tony is trapped in his unambitious, mundane life. In the final lines of the play, Goldsmith identifies that Tony is ‘his own man again’, the use of the word ‘again’ reflects the lack of development in Tony’s character, nothing has improved in his country life; which could indicate the stability and continuity of the uncorrupted country or alternatively it could illuminate Tony’s lack of ambition for self-improvement to embellish his simple nature. This presentation of Tony as a simple, undeveloped character reaches a climax at the end of the play as Goldsmith contrasts Tony from the country and Marlow from the town. Through stage directions, ‘joining their hands’, Goldsmith shows that Marlow has been able to overcome his ‘trembling’ when talking to ladies of high society, through his romance with Kate, whereas Tony, as afore mentioned, remains the same suggesting he is a country bumpkin unable to develop due to his indulged rural existence. Nonetheless, Goldsmith presents Tony’s character as having a level of moral complexity through his relationship with his cousin, Constance. Tony refers to Constance as cousin Con, the shortened version of her name acts as endearment and the indication to the familial relationship shows how Tony is caring and ‘a good natured creature at bottom’. Furthermore, Tony helps his cousin retrieve her jewels; which are her ‘fortune’, so she may leave with Hastings. Tony quickly agrees to ‘clap a pair of horses to (their) chaise’, in aid. This generosity demonstrated through the plot to retrieve Constance’s jewels implies that Tony’s character may be more complex than originally believed to be. Similarly, Tony clarifies that he ‘want(s) no nearer relationship’ with his cousin and therefore Tony’s acceptance to ‘assist’ Hastings and his proposal to ‘whip (Constance) off to France’ can be interpreted as a selfish, anti-pastoral act to be rid of Constance. The rural population are seen to be welcoming and sympathetic, rather than narcissistic and under-handed which is how Goldsmith characterises Tony through the nature of this plot, which suggests that Tony is in fact the complete polar opposite of a country bumpkin. Despite the comedic trait of Tony’s character being indisputable, seeing as he is usually at the heart of the farce in this play. Throughout She Stoops to Conquer, Goldsmith clearly opposes the stereotypes of the country folk through the character of Tony Lumpkin. Initially, Tony is seemingly rather plain and peaceful; mimetic of the country, but his character develops throughout the play into a more complicated personality, so much more than a country bumpkin.

Human Resource Function Essay

How important is it for the organization to determine the effectiveness of the Human Resource Function? Why? The role of human resource management has evolved from merely handling administrative matters to being heavily involved in the company’s strategic planning. This is because more and more companies have recognised the key role that a skilled and competent workforce plays in creating, sustaining, and even increasing value for the organisation. Human resource management is embedded in every phase of an employee’s life cycle in the company, starting with recruitment. It is important for a company to hire new employees who will be able to address its business needs, are qualified, competent and motivated, and most importantly, whose values and principles are aligned with those of the company. It is also the role of the Human Resource (HR) department to market the company as the company of choice, especially for fresh university graduates, in order to get the best talents available. Another critical area of human resource management is talent retention. Sustaining the employee’s interest and promoting loyalty among the workforce can be achieved through a number of ways such as ensuring a healthy and safe working environment, providing competitive compensation packages and benefits, and rewarding outstanding employees who have significantly contributed to the attainment of the company’s goals. The idea is to ensure that the employees are generally happy with their work so that this will reflect on their performance. In addition, the HR department ensures that there are enough programs available to the employees for their training, development and upskilling needs. During and even after retirement, human resource management should also be present to ascertain that employees are satisfied and protected as they leave the organisation. Apart from looking after employees’ welfare throughout their stay in the company, the HR department handles a number of important functions such as internal communications, performance evaluation of employees, and managing an employee’s career development path. More importantly, though, human resource management ensures that the company abides by all national, and sometimes even international, labor laws and regulations. Measuring HR Effectiveness Gone are the days when companies simply believed that HR practices are working; they now want hard facts and quantifiable results to determine if HR is adding value to the organisation. However, measuring the effectiveness of a company’s human resources management should not be limited to its â€Å"people functions†; instead, it should also measure how HR best practices contribute to the attainment of the company’s business goals. In addition, the evaluation of HR’s effectiveness should strike a balance between cost (employee-related expenditures, both direct and indirect) and benefits or impacts on three levels – internal (employees themselves), external (customers, clients and other stakeholders) and business (financial outcomes). Metrics for determining the value of HR internally include manpower productivity which for a water company, for instance, can be expressed as staff per 1,000 connections; periodic performance ratings based on agreed targets and deliverables; turnover rate by age, rank and gender; compensation level against industry standards; training hours per person per year; number of employees who received awards and recognitions for the year; number of labor cases filed by union members; as well as health and safety indicators such as fatalities rate, injury rate, occupational diseases rate, lost day rate and absentee rate. A company can likewise establish the effectiveness of its HR practices by getting feedback from its stakeholders. This is particularly useful for organisations in the service industry. Customer / client satisfaction surveys can help determine how well (or poorly) the existing talent pool is equipped to carry out the company’s services, and how effective they are in addressing customer / client concerns. Results of such surveys will allow the company to evaluate the skills gaps, and consequently, the training and development requirements of its employees. Finally, financial information like revenue, market share, net income, and share price can broadly determine how strong the workforce is from top management down to skilled workers and rank-and-file staff. This is because all companies rely on their people to develop, implement and monitor business functions that should lead to the growth and profitability of the organisation. Importance of Determining HR Effectiveness As we have seen, HR serves as the guardians of employees who, in turn, are the cornerstone of any successful and stable organisation. This means that HR plays a critical role in ensuring the existence of a competent talent pool at any given time that can drive the company to attain its business goals. It is, therefore, important for a company to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of its HR functions. By measuring the level and magnitude of impact of its human resources management, a company may be able to establish whether it is putting in the right amount of investment through the right employee programs and for the right talents. Obviously, a company would not want to overspend on HR programs or processes that do not yield significant impacts or do not add value to the organisation. In addition, when good and comprehensive HR metrics or key performance indicators are in place, a company will be able to adopt a more targeted approach to people development. For instance, if after the annual performance appraisal the company finds out that most of its employees are poor in customer service, then it can develop a training module on customer interaction, negotiation and communication. Similarly, if employee assessment results show that some senior managers are not effective in their posts, then the company can make the necessary adjustments by moving these employees to another unit where their expertise will be maximised, and finding the most qualified talent to take their place. Evaluating the level of success of its HR department will also send a positive signal to employees especially when the company asks for their opinion. It will make them feel that the company is really committed to safeguard their welfare while working for the company and to hone their skills to become well-rounded professionals. More importantly, measuring the effectiveness of its HR programs and processes will allow the company to understand the kind of employees it has – whether highly skilled, average performers or mostly staff workers – and this will serve as an input to its strategic planning. Say, for example, the company wants to acquire a rival company or buy out a firm that went bankrupt, it will be able to clearly see if it has the needed talents to do so, or if they have available talents who can be seconded to the new subsidiary.