Brief History of Istanbul Essay Example for Free

Brief History of Istanbul EssayEvidences obtained from archaeological remains indicate that people began to inhabit the proximities of contemporary Istanbul for approximately thousands of years ago. At about 5000 B. C. , a thick and sprawling population of individuals inhabited the fertile grounds of Istanbul. The Greek people every last(predicate) the way from Megara and Miletus started to rest upon the soils situated along the coasts of the Black Sea as well as the Bosporus back in the latter years of eight coulomb B. C. The year 660 B. C. witnessed the colonization of Byzantium by Byzas, the crock up of the colony whose origins trace to Megarian roots.As expected, the name of the colony was patterned after his name. Due to the strategic location of Byzantium, it easily gained dominance over the region in terms of economy which eventually led to the attention of numerous would-be conquerors. Along the path of the Golden Horn, Byzantium was founded which bestowed it with the most suit adequate to(p) harbour all-over the region. The agricultural prosperity of Byzantium can be largely attributed to the abundance of fish as well as the surrounding countryside which was fertile enough to support plants for agriculture.Next to Byzantium, a in force(p) harbour was efficiently provided for by the inlet of the Golden Horn which was near Bosporus. This area was considered as a major maritime route back in those times as it linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. Byzantium eventually found itself struggling amidst the military forces trying to conquer and dominate over the metropolisPersians, Greeks, Spartans and Athenians all drew their swords and took away lives for the sake of taking the city infra their control. Such was the major importance of Byzantium during those times where its prosperity was seemingly beyond imagination.Even the Gauls attacked the city during the third century and in 202 B. C. the city sought the help and protection from Rom e after organism taken over by Macedonians. Eventually, the city was absorbed as a vital part of the Roman pudding stone back in 73 B. C. During 196 A. D. , the city was caught on the wrong side after the substructure of a power scramble in the Roman empire. As economically powerful as Byzantium may seem, it was not able to respond and resist the struggle which eventually trickled down the capabilities of the cities as it paid dearly.A large number of the residents were murdered as well as a significant portion of Byzantium was obliterated through the leadership of the Roman emperor moth Septimus Severus. Apparently, the Rman emperor had to rebuild the entire city starting off with the ruins as the wake of the power struggle. In the process, Byzantium was able to manage itself and continue to progress amidst threats and occurrences of civil wars as well as rebellions which smothered all-over the Roman empire through the many a(prenominal) years to follow.However, Constantine I routed his foe, emperor Licinius, on September 18, 324. Constantine I was able to unify the broad territory of the Roman empire and make it follow his leadership. The Roman empire eventually made Byzantium as the prime capital of the region which extended to as far as threesome continents. Byzantium eventually gained a new nameConstantinopleafter being briefly k outrightn as the New Rome named in honor of Constantine who was the first Roman ruler to embrace the doctrines of Christianity.During its time, Constantinople gained much reputation and wealth make it one of the worlds most economically advanced cities. The city was almost untouchable in status, having the power to dictate the doctrines of the Christian religion and to assemble huge amounts of wealth up until the eleventh century. As the meeting points between the East and the West became largely attributed to Constantinople, it was no surprise that all roads were now focused on the wealthy city of Constantine. In 395 A. D. the whole of the Roman conglomerate was divided into the West and the East especially after the death of Theodosius. The eastern Roman empire adopted Constantinople as its central city or capital which was later referred to as the Byzantine Empire as a admonisher of its brilliant past. Through the course of time, Constantinople further advanced as the core of the Greek Orthodox Christian realm. With its immense financial resources, the wealth of the Byzantine Empire gave it the capacity to transform Constantinople as a beautiful city far beyond compare.The splendour and majesty of Constantinople is perhaps owed to the well-paid architects who designed elevated churches and splendid palaces as well as artists and sculptors also contributed a large fraction of the citys aesthetic transformation. One notable structure ever to be erected is the hippodrome which could deem more than a hundred thousand spectators. Eventually, the walls of the city were further construct into a see mingly impenetrable protective layer as threats of invasion from rivalling forces neer dwindled.Almost half million citizens inhabited Constantinople under the rule of Emperor Justinian from 527 to 565 A.D. The Emperor took full control of the creation of some of Constantinoples most majestic buildings which imply the Haghia Sophia, one of the largest churches during the height of the prosperity of Constantinople. The Byzantine empires capital reached its full blom under the helm of Emperor Justinian. Even though Constantinople move to supplement its wealthy advancement with protective measures, enemies from the outside were inevitably attracted to the splendour of the city. A few years after, the city was devastated with a plague in 542 A. D. which claimed the lives of three of every five citizens.This, unfortunately, brought the beginning of the citys inclination. As the city weakened in terms of its population both in size and strength, the enemies of Constantinople took the opportunity to besiege the city. Apparently, the enemies were unable to successfully conquer the city as the walls of Constantinople proved impenetrable. Attacks on the city mounted between the seventh and eleventh century A. D. which include forces from Persian Sassanids, Bulgars, Avars, Russians, and Muslim Arabs.At the time of the Fourth Crusade, the Latins were able to break the walls of Constantinople and captured the capital of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 A.D until 1261 less than a century of captivity when the Byzantine forces reclaimed the capital. At the height of captivity, however, Constantinople was greatly diminished in terms of wealth and infrastructure as the invading forces plundered wanted jewels and any other item they deemed were of sufficient value. The entire population diminished to half a hundred thousand during that time, and the citizens suffered greatly from famine. In 1396, the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and built a fort on the Asian side of the Bosporus Sea in order to hinder aid from reaching the city. However, the capital would not fall for a few more years.On the 29th day of May, the Ottoman leader Mehmed was able to tear down the city walls and penetrate the city which ultimately signalled the fall of the era of Constantinoples Christian church and the commencement of Muslim rule over the land. Apparently, the Muslims transformed the Haghia Sophia into a Muslim temple. In 1457, the capital of the Byzantine Empire was already known as Istanbul which later became the central point of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed began to repopulate the city after the siege and within a few years time, Istanbul gained a considerable increase in population, roughly amounting to approximately 50,000 inhabitants.Ottoman Istanbul was able to achieve its peak during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, and perhaps the most notable buildings ever to be erected during those times, roughly amounting to 300 buildings, were the creations of chi ef architect Sinan. These efforts to restructure Ottoman Istanbul were significant as it signalled the dawning of a new Istanbul, one which is uniquely Ottoman in identity. Throughout time, Ottoman Istanbul opened its doors to the outside world in order to obtain a harmonious relationship with the other cities and states.This resulted to the expansion of the citys population, now having a mixture of different races such as Jews, Christians, Armenians and other citizens. Influence on Ottoman Istanbul rule was apparently being influenced by many different forces from these races. Eventually, Istanbul became influenced with the modernization of the world. Europeans began to build a railroad system which connects the whole continent with Istanbul by the 1870s. As a result, the Ottoman empire became placed under the debt of European powers.These would later result to power struggles from within the empire, complicated all the more by the struggling influences from the Europeans to whom t hey were indebted with. In consequence, these developments in the Ottoman empire especially in Istanbul uring the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries would signal the downfall of the Ottoman empire and would mark the commencement of the Turkish Republic. Today, Istanbul remains as a fervent reminder of how a city once so powerful became so absorbed into the desire for power which led to its own subjugation and diminishment of power in the following years.

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini EssayOn the surface Baba and Amir depict completely contrasting personalities. Amir is a timid, insecure child. Baba is a generous, respected over-achiever. Despite outward appearances except they shargon some startling similarities. They both hide a terrible secret from everyone they drive dear, and they both spend a significant part of their lives trying to atone for their respective sins. Its only when they deal with these issues that their true colors really show. In earth Baba and Amirs few similarities far outweigh their many differences. Amir and Baba appear to the outside world, and even to each other to be completely different people. Amir perceives Baba as perfect. Amir sees his father as a wealthy, and powerful man everyaffair anyone could aspire to be. In contrast Baba sees Amir as a weakling and a coward for the almost part. He seems almost disgusted by Amirs weak stomach and cowardly tendencies. Baba loves Amir, entirely he fi nds his inability to relate to him a difficult hurdle to germinate over. Baba was athletic as a young man, a competitor who was used to winning. He used what he knew and tried to relate to Amir through sports, provided despite Amirs best attempts to feign interest Baba saw through his charade, which only discouraged him further. Amir made his own attempts to bridge the gap between them with his stories, but Baba simply dismissed them as being childish.Baba would not encourage Amir to pursue writing because he didnt see it as a masculine thing to do. Perhaps one of the most prevalent differences between Baba and Amir is the representation they see Hassan. In many ways Baba sees him as the son Amir should drive been. Hassan is athletic, hard working, and exceptionally loyal. Amir treats Hassan like an underling, someone who makes him feel better to the highest degree himself. Amir used Hassans illiteracy to make him feel better about himself. Even though they are genuinely friend s, Amir still thinks of him as merely a Hazara, and harbors jealousy towards any affection Hassan receives from Baba. Hassan is not only the throttle valve to many of their biggest differences, but also the foundation for their most intimate similarity.Baba and Amir may seem completely different but the biggest testament to their similar personalities is the way they deal with the most serious problems in their lives. Baba fathers an illegitimate son and tried to keephim a secret for the sake of reputation. Amir allowed his best friend to be ravaged and uses the incident to gain his fathers love. Baba tried to alleviate his guilt over bedding his servants wife by treating Hassan equal to Amir, showering him with gifts and affection. Showing affection to Amir however made Baba feel even guiltier about Hassans situation so Amir is starved of his love. Subsequently Amir began to despise Hassan and did nothing to help him when he was raped by Assef.In fact he used the situation to for ce Hassan and Ali out of his home. The regret he faced haunted him for the rest of his life and he tried to atone for it by getting Hassans son out of Afghanistan. Both father and son in this scenario spent their lives dealing with an incident that they couldnt overcome. Baba showed he could be as cowardly as Amir when he refused to acknowledge Hassan as his son, and Amir showed he could be as brave as his father by going to Afghanistan and fighting Assef to save Sohrab.Baba and Amir found it difficult to show affection for one another throughout Amirs childhood due in grown part to the glaring differences in their personalities. However, late in life Amir realizes that theyre really two of a kind. When theyre forced to deal with problems they show that their natural tendencies are strikingly similar. Baba and Amirs personalities are polar opposites, but at their core they are the same.BibliographyKhaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner

Characteristics Of High Self Esteem Persons English Language Essay

Characteristics Of High Self Esteem Persons position Language EssayThis chapter consists of two parts. The first section describes the theoretical framework. This section explains topics such(prenominal) as English piece of create verbally, emotive factors, self-confidence theories, self-confidence and writing outline, EFL instructors and their role in building educatees vanity and humanitarian approach. The second section deals with the analysis and a comparison between vari able-bodieds. This section extinctlines issues such as the blood between self-esteem and writing strategy, and continues to investigate the relation between self-esteem and speaking in English, then the relation between self-esteem and narration in English, and the relation between self-esteem and listening in English in the final turn.Theoretical modelingEnglish is an international talking to that is utilize throughout the world. The number of people who character English as a second quarre l or foreign language is much higher than those whose native language is English. Thomas and Collier (2002) believed that until the coming of 2030 the percentage of students in U.S. schools will be over 40% of the border. Al-Sulaimani (2005) states that in nearly Arab countries, most people who study pharmacy, medicine, computer and science use English as their primary language. Al-Harbi (2010) found that EFL limiters (especi anyy beginners) may not be able to read and spell words or progress to sound-letter problems in pronunciation due to separation, the reason for this difference is that such problems exist in the native language and target language and an separate reason is the difference in writing in twain languages.English WritingTypically, a consanguinity between reading and writing be combined. Practice in writing in a cross-training preserve help language learners to enhance the capabilities in reading and writing skills and write their spelling correctly (DuBois , Erickson and Jacobs, 2007). concord to Krashen (1984), most teachers were convinced that education should focus on form and follow Krashens Natural Approach which relates to childrens L1 oral acquisition.King (2003) points out that punctuation in our writing is physical and our speech can be seen as non-tangible, if we afford no punctuation in written and spoken language, they ar chaotic. Then, Allen and Huon (2003) argue that effective and good writing requires a sound understanding of which is con alignred as a mechanic of writing. For example, the use of punctuation in phrases such as keeping the car moving, stopping, starting in the right place, pausing or at any some other time is necessary. In general, Rude (2006) believes that punctuation helps people who evidently read the sentences. Commas, semicolons, dashes and so on ar making family between sentence patterns and phrases. On the other hand, if we use the wrong punctuation we create cloudiness in the text, knowi ng how to use punctuation in the text is an grievous point in writing.King (2003) states that capital letters can be considered as a form of punctuation that guide the eye and mind in the text. Typically, the capital letters use to start sentences and proper names.Affective FactorsCognitive domain, affective domain and psychological domain are very consequential issues in language study process. In this regard, Brown (2000) asserts that the affective domain refers to emotions and feelings. Bloom and his colleagues have developed a wide assortment for the three domains on the affective domain. It consists of five takes. The first level is receiving, one mortal is in contact with others and is open to a series of data. He can accept and respond to them or reject them. If he responds, he is entering into the second level which is responding. The ternion level is valuing. After responding, a fewone according to his perceptions can be either positive or negative. Level four or o rganization is when a somebody organizes the set based on his beliefs and finds the relationship between values and his beliefs. The final level is realizing, which is a soulfulnesss thinking and behavior into a system based on values (He, 1996).InhibitionInhibition is an aspect of affective domain that is directly linked to self-esteem. mountain have a defense system that protects them against internal and external criticism (Brown, 2000). Ehrman (1993) suggests that students with thick, perfectionist boundaries find language learning more difficult than those learners with thin boundaries who favor attitudes of openness and ambiguity tolerance. Inhibition is to prevent people expressing their freedom and comfort. It requires a second or foreign language learning series that mistakes happen and learning from these mistakes often occurs (He, 1996 Brown, 2000). But if the learner afraid of making mistakes and these mistakes affects his ego, from the inside (ones self) who is trav el and from the outside (others) who is threatened. Both are considered a barrier to inhibit. So it can be concluded that students in relaxed environments without threat have the lowest degree of debasement (He, 1996 Brown, 2000 Andres, 2002).Risk-takingCommunicate in a second and foreign language needs some competition and guessing. Some students are afraid of answering any questions and respond to a question that is absolutely true. They prefer to be silent all the time to keep from making mistakes or someone does not mock them. Having such a fear of making mistakes provides an opportunity to students who are unable to practice the language.According to Weiten (1989) in conversation, the students do not have enough time to go to the dictionary for finding the exact pronunciation and grammar, whereas in reading and writing, typically the student has enough time to choose the best words and organize sentences. People with healthy self-esteem, do not have any psychological damage wit h errors and negative feedback. On the other hand, fear of making mistakes can have a negative effect on learning and knowledge of learners. As a verbal exercise, it is necessary the information stored in long-term memory that can be prevented from language learning. Brown (2000) claims that students who prepare mistakes out of ignorance in the classroom tend to be silent. It seems that self-esteem is closely related to risk-taking factors if someone has high global self-esteem and doing something wrong ignorance, has no fear of making mistakes.AnxietyAccording to Brown (1994) anxiousness is a variable that is associated with self-esteem. In general, anxiety has a negative relationship with self-esteem. Anxiety includes feelings such as worry, despair, self-doubt, apprehension and concern.Anxiety is divided into two different levelsGlobal or trait anxietySituational or state anxiety (Brown, 1994).Anxiety is in many forms, such as anxiety test. Foreign language anxiety is one of th e forms that are filled with anxiety items. Between the old age 1968 to 1980 some studies perform by Clement, Gardner, Symthe, Tarampi, Lambert and Tucker about the relationship between different types of anxiety and second language performance. The results of these studies indicate that in that location are no direct relationships between legal communitys of anxiety and second language anxiety. But in 1975, Chastain conducted a study and found an inverse relationship between anxiety and learners grades in Spanish. However, the same relationship was not found for learners of German and French (Gardner and Clement, 1990).MotivationMotivation is one of the affective factors that is important in success and failure of students. Dornyei (2001) argues that penury is a vague term that encompasses a wide variety of meanings. Gardner (1985) defining the role of motif in learning L2 argues that a field that individual deals with his attempts to learn the language because tends to this work and to be satisfactory of the experience of activities. This definition includesAttempt expended to reach the goalWillingness to learnSatisfaction of learning a language.In general, motivation in the classroom depends on the teachers abilities to maintain interest in the classroom. Many factors affect the motivation as far as Danis (1993) believes these factors includeInterest in the subjectUnderstanding of its usefulnessGeneral desire to achieveSelf-confidence vanity as patience and resistance.The main model of motivation includes four components that have been designed by Gardner and Smythe (1975). These components includeGroup-specific attitudesLearners motives for learning the target languageAffective factors (Sterns Generalized Attitudes) inessential and intrinsic motivation (Sterns Attitudes towards the learning bunk)You can see the Gardner and Smythes motivation model in the learn 1.Group-specific attitudesLearners motives for learning the target languageAffective fact orsExtrinsic and intrinsic motivationFavourable versus unfavourable attitudes to the users of the target languagemotivational intensityInterest in foreign languageAnomieNeed achievementEthnocentricismAuthoritarianismmachiavellianismIntegrative motivationInstrumental motivationMotivationExtrinsic motivation provided in self-instruction (i.e. incentives, encouragments and threats)Teacher/counsellorLearning contractsRecords of workSelf-assessment/ confederate-assesssmentReality testingSummative assessmentFactors from self-instruction promoting intrinsic motivation (i.e. continuing willingness to put learning at a high level of priority)Learners awareness of needs and goalsPerceived relevance of the course to achieving goalMaintenance of self-esteem as a person through involvment in decision makingDegree of freedom to use preferred learning strategiesMembership of a supportive group leading to increase empathy and reduced inhibitionsTroble shooting proceduresFigure 2.1 Gardner and symt hes (1975) model of motivationSelf-esteemSelf-esteem is a fundamental need in human emotional state. There are some meanings for self-esteem Bandura (1997) defines self-esteem as an individuals judgement of their own value. Pervin and John (2001) believe that self-esteem is a general attitude to individualizedity traits not any incident individual circumstances and finally, Barnden (2001) stated that self-esteem is the experience of feeling competent to deal with the problems of life and knowing the life happiness. This competency includes self-efficacy and self-respect.According to Brown (2000), self-esteem includes various dimensions which areGlobal self-esteem which means general assessment a person makes of ones selfSituational self-esteem which means a specific situation such as foreign language contextTask self-esteem that means a particular task within a situation e.g. writing in an EFL context.In addition, self-esteem helps in all aspects of ones life. Self-esteem is ess ential for a healthy psychological life. This is an important aspect of affective factors because all the affective factors are related to the self-esteem (Brown, 2000).Self-esteem has two different levels, low self-esteem and high self-esteem. Roger found that children with higher self-esteem compared to children with lower self-esteem are more decisive, more independent and more creative. Also people with self-esteem can easily define their observations are flexible, and able to produce solutions to major problems (Pervin and John, 2001).According to McAdams (2006) Maslow proposed that humans are having a series of abilities that these abilities do not available unless, the basic needs provide for the first time. By paying attention to figure 2, we can understand the importance of positive self-esteem.Figure 2.2 Maslows Hierarchy of needs crushed self-esteem is like a person to overcome their own lives and affects on the ones life cycle. Negative thoughts lead to negative attitude s, negative attitudes cause negative behavior, negative behavior may develop negative feelings and finally, all parts touched by self-esteem (Napoli, et. al., 1992). This can be shown as followsNegative behaviorNegative feelingsNegative attitudeFigure 2.3 Interaction Between Low Self-esteem and Negative BehaviorCharacteristics of high self-esteem personsA person with high self-esteem has special characteristics. According to Branden (1985) he/she may have some or all of the pursual characteristicsA person is open to criticism and deals with mistakes comforting.A person can give and receive expressions of feeling, appreciation and so on spontaneously.A persons saying , doing and appearance go in harmony.A person accepts changes in different life aspects without being worried.A person is flexible in responding to situations and challenges.A person can be firm under conditions of stress.A person can speak about his proficiency and leave out of it with honesty and without being embarr assed.A person moves and speaks easily and confidentially.A person appreciates his own merits.A person does not consider himself inferior to others.Moreover, according to Napoli et al. (1992) a person who has high self-esteem has the quest characteristicsThe individual is open to take the opportunity to participate in developing experiences in spite of the risk of making mistakes,He/she takes part in an activity (sports, learning a new skill etc.) yet for the pleasure of doing it without feeling the need to prove anything,He/she takes the responsibility of his/her actions without blaming anyone or finding pretexts,He/she accepts his own and others strengths and accomplishments,He/she accepts the personal power of someone without trying to abuse or control them,He/she focuses on the quality rather than the quantity of life experiences (e.g. friendship),He/she enjoys team work and appreciates its value in getting a job done or improving interpersonal relations,He/she finds a sleep in life (e.g. work, entertainment, solitude).Internal consistency of high self-esteem may have higher (or lower) range types of psychological processes on the take. According to Schneider and Turkat (1975) possibly some of the people use a high self-esteem as a defensive measure to identify the optimal of society.Characteristics of low self-esteem personsA person with low self-esteem like a person with high self-esteem has a series of characteristics. He/she may have some or all of the following characteristicsA person feels awkward, shy conspicuous and unable to express him/ herself with confidence.A person worries about making mistakes and is always embarrassing to expose him/herself to anything new.A person is hyper sensitive and hyper alert to signs of rejection.A person deals with life in a protective and defensive manner.A person is depressed, unhappy and shows a greater degree of anxiety and aggression.A person does not feel satisfied with his/her life.A person is vulnerable to criticism and has greater social anxiety.A person feels inferior to others or unworthy.A person does not like leadership role or voluntary tasks.A person behaves inconsistently.A person suffers a lot of personal mistakes and sees failure as a result of deficiency in his/her abilities.A person underestimates his/her abilities (Apter, 1998 Timothy et al., 2001).On the other hand, according to Napoli et al. (1992) a person who has low self-esteem has the following characteristicsNote Deficiency in accepting constructive criticism and making use of it in ones development.Deficiency in taking decisions and realising creative values, need to obey firmly set rules,Deficiency in taking the risks that may give way to mistakes,Deficiency in changing, a fixation on the same food, environment, course of action etc.,Deficiency in focusing on others power,Deficiency in focusing on ones own power,A tendency to live others accomplishments vicariously (isolating heroes),Tendency to attach a lot o f importance to the outward appearance (like dating the most attractive person on the campus, driving the hottest car, etc.),Tendency to be compulsive about cleanliness, eating, orderliness and the like,Tendency to be overly competitive (to be in need of winning any time and surpassing everyone in order to feel important),Tendency to be a poor loser and to see this position as an approval of their personal value,Tendency to be overly critical (finding fault),Tendency to overwork to prove themselves and to show others their worth.Theories on Self-esteemAccording to Murk (1999) in his book as Self-esteem Research, Theory and Practice, take a number of theories that are briefly defined in the followingA historical view with modern relevanceWilliam James as a famous American psychologist, believes that the origin of self-esteem involves factors such as history, culture, family and circumstances. These factors are forming the identity of someone. He knows a self-esteem relationship with values, success and competence in the development of level of self-esteem for example, if a person is able to manage their identity competently or the other side fails to do this. Success increases self-esteem and failure decrease it.The psychodynamic approachWhite believes that self-esteem is based on the relationship between ego and ideal ego. hither the focus is on efficacy. Self-esteem depends on someones competence and effectiveness. He believes that the relationship between self-esteem and achievement, respect is obtained. Thus, White concluded that the efficacy is taproot of self-esteem. Self-esteem is seen as an evolutionary phenomenon that subject to other processes, force development and deals with them in adulthood. Briefs, White to be exploring the relationship between competence, ego and self-esteem.The sociological approachRosenberg can be defined self-esteem as positive and negative attitude towards a particular object in the other words ego (as cited in Murk, 1999, p. 122). Rosenberg was pore on the role of social factors on self-esteem. He combined some(prenominal) affective and cognitive processes in judging self-worth. He believes that the person who is evaluated should develop standards and values that including social aspects and compare him/herself with those standards. The smaller gap is between self and those standards and the highest gap is between self-esteem and those standards. Finally, Rosenberg focused on self-worth as a representative of self-esteem.The behavioural perspectiveCoopersmith defined self-esteem as evaluation that a person had to be done in relation to himself. This reflects the attitude of approval or disapproval, and indicates the effect to which a person believes in himself (as cited in Murk, 1999, p. 124). Under this approach, there is the relationship between self-esteem and behaviors such as anxiety and depression. Coopersmith believes that self-esteem or lack of it can be learned. In short, Coopersmith the first theorized who expressed two components which are included performance and competence as the principle component of the self-esteem.BehaviorInformational supportAversive stimuliHedonic reinforcementConsumers learning historyCurrent behavior settingFigure 2.4 Adapted from summary of the behavioral perspective modelThe humanistic visionAccording to Branden (2001) ones evaluation is the most important key to ones behavior, business process, feelings, desires, values and goals affects him. He believes that the impression that person towards himself affects some responses for example, if a person believes that is stupid, it has get together to the fact. In the first instance, he would suffer vision of human after self-esteem. Murk (1999) also emphasized self-esteem is an important part of human earth that must be managed throughout to life cycle (p. 130). In addition, Branden views self-esteem as ones having two componentsSelf-confidence (a sense of efficacy)Self-respect (a sense of competence).Moreover, Branden believes that a student may be damaging his self-esteem based on his notion for example, when the learner in the learning has some difficulties, maybe he/she thinks these problems due to his/her inability.In summary, all these theorists have paid largely to the self-esteem. James is one of the first scientists who spoke about the foundations of self-esteem. White focused on effectiveness. Rosenberg puts his focus on self-worth and finally, Coopersmith and Branden, both of them focused on self-efficacy and self-worth as an essential component of self-esteem.EFL teachers role in building students self-esteemTeachers have an integral role in building self-esteem. Teachers should make the atmosphere so that students can develop their self-esteem with this, the level of their success and confidence goes up. Finch (2001) believes that success less depends on the materials, techniques and linguistic analysis and more depends on what happens between people i n the classroom.It is the teachers task to create a positive learning environment. They can improve students from the different ways and while students understand that their teacher is watching them out, but they have the sense of freedom and comfort. In this regard, Sano et al. mentioned that friendly relationship between teachers and learners and even learners with each other and this is our opinion that is the most important factor in language learning (as cited in Finch, 2001, p. 135). Students can do work correctly when they feel safe. This event occurs when then teachers behavior modestly, be a good listener, pay attention to his/her students and make them feel that they are efficacious and competent. Dorneyi (2001) offered teachers to create a supportive environment in the classroom in following waysEstablish a norm of tolerance.Encourage risk-taking and have mistaken accepted as a natural part of learning.Bring in and hike humour.Encourage learners to personalize the classr oom environment according to their taste (p. 31).Then, Kirstein (2001) offered more strategiesCreate a positive classroom environment.Encourage your learners.Know your learners.Encourage interactions with other learners.Structure learning to be flexible and supportive.Help your learners acknowledge success (pp. 85-89).According to Oxford (2003) a strategy is useful for teaching base on the following circumstancesThe strategy relates well to the L2 task at hand,The strategy fits the particular students learning style taste perceptions to one degree or anotherThe student employs the strategy effectively and links it with other relevant strategies.Oxford (1990) believes that strategies which based on these circumstances are make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self-directed, more effective, and more movable to new situation (p. 8).In short, teachers should encourage students to create positive environments not only for students with low self-esteem but also for students with high self-esteem up to maintain the level of their self-esteem.Review of literatureThis section includes a preview about self-esteem and various aspects of the performance of students in foreign languages. The following issues are reviewed the relationship between self-esteem and writing strategy, the relationship between self-esteem and speaking in English, the relationship between self-esteem and reading in English and the relationship between self-esteem and listening.On the relation between self-esteem and writing strategiesMany studies on global self-esteem, can be show relationship between self-esteem and writing along the following three strandsIn language learning, the role of affective variables, especially self-esteem cannot be ignored. The relationship can be positive or negative. He (1996) studied some of the affective factors, especially the self-esteem. The results of a survey of Chinese students are reported a questionnaire that was think for language learning w as administrated to 31 Chinese immigrants in Southern California and an interview with 21 Chinese students. He found that self-esteem is one of the important factors that affect learning English as a second language.Similarly, Moritz (1996) conducted a study that self-assessment as a criterion of language skill and a barb used to measure. Factors that may affect the dominance self-assessment of foreign language of students are determined. Participants in this study were 28 college students of French at different levels. Results showed that self-assessment of foreign language impact students self-concept.Anstey (1993) achieved the same results. He studied the relationship between self-esteem and communication potential processes of students in French classes. In this study, the communication potential used for the development of a literature review on the communicative approaches to second language learning. Results showed that students self-esteem depends on a process that is selec ted by the teacher. Factors, which enable the teacher and other colleagues to increase interaction and negotiation enhance students self-esteem.Battle (1981) developed a questionnaire which was called Culture-Free Self-esteem history. This questionnaire consisted of 60 items that were classified into five sub-scalesGeneral self-esteem,Social/peer related self-esteem,Parent/home related self-esteem,Lie scale,Indicating defensiveness.A rate for self-esteem are obtained by totaling the number of items, excluding the lie scale items of 10. So, the highest possible score is 50.On the other hand, Pareek et al. (1976) developed a questionnaire which was called Pre-adolescent Adjustment Scale. This questionnaire consisted of 40 items that includedHome (nine items),Peers (eight items),School (eight items),Teachers (eight items),General (seven items).A score for total adjustment are obtained by totaling of the five areas. In this case, high positive scores indicated high adjustment in the a rea, while negative scores indicated maladjustment.Both of these questionnaires, Culture-Free Self-esteem Inventory which developed by Battle (1981) and Pre-adolescent Adjustment Scale which developed by Pareek et al. (1976) were used to assess the self-esteem and adjustment among children.Moreover, a study was done by the National Foreign Language for students with the purpose of knowing whether their high self-efficacy of the learning strategies they used or not. Participants were in a group of students of French, Japanese and Spanish. Students grades were fourth, fifth and sixth. dickens questionnaires were presented to them the Immersion Language Learning Strategies Questionnaire and Immersion Self-efficacy Questionnaire. The results show that students with high self-efficacy and self-confidence were using more learning strategies these strategies were effective in language learning preference of learners to the extent that it effected on the learners self-esteem.Gordnick (1996 ) randomly selected 50 students of Union County College and studied the relationship between their self-esteem and writing. He used Coopersmiths self-esteem test to measure self-esteem and used their writing grades to measure the writing, then took the correlation between them. The results showed that there is no significant correlation between students self-esteem and their writing. It is worth mentioning that both Gordnicks studies and present study have been about the relationship between self-esteem and writing achievement. It also should be added, participants of this study were students of Saudi Arabia EFL secondary school who formed American students.Hassan (2001) tried to determine the relationship between self-esteem and quality and quantity of students writing. The sample formed 32 Egyptian English major university students. Results showed that there is a negative relationship between students self-esteem and their writing. Low concern students have high self-esteem and hi gh concern students have low self-esteem. Low concern students wrote better than high concern students. Hassans study investigated the relationship between two variables, one of them was the relationship between fear of writing and self-esteem and the other was a relationship between themselves and writing skills, while the present study examine the relationship between self-esteem and writing strategies. Participants in the Hassans study were university students who just studied in the field of English language, however in this study, participants included university students in various fields. Hassans study measured participants writing skills while this study examined the writing strategies.Brown (2000) claimed that there is relationship between self-esteem and academic performance however, he posed a question that which one affected the other. Significant changed as the number of researchers (Huang, 1992 Brown, 2000 Lee, 2001) reported. For example, in Huangs (1992) study, he di scussed the relationship between biliteracy and self-esteem of Mexican-American students. Participants included 1034 persons who were Mexican and Mexican-American. Students were classified into three categories biliterates, proficiency in English and proficiency in Spanish or oral bilingual. A set of 13 questions measured self-esteem. The results showed that Mexican-Americans who knew them as biliterates had higher self-esteem than those in English, Spanish or oral bilingual. sledgehammer (1993) conducted a study on 25 patients from the University of Texas in order to provide basic writers confidence. By creating discussion and motivation in his class, he analyzed the students and it was causation that they can overcome their fear of making mistakes. Results showed that students confidence has increased.Koulourianos and Marienau (2001) conducted a study and in this study they used parent intervention strategies and teacher intervention strategies for the third and fourth grade stud ents in the United States to improve their confidence in writing. The results showed that the strategies have had a positive effect on the students writing.Bardine (1995) proposed the guided strategies that included the use of journals in the adult literacy class which was to improve students writing. In this method, the teacher used quotes that increased self-esteem and positive attitude. He taught students from Mia

Work Considered Chronicle Of A Death Foretold English Literature Essay

Work Considered Chronicle Of A Death Foretold English Literature Essay thoughtful Statement Translated from the Spanish masterpiece first published in 1981, Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a tosh embossed with irony and political authority. exalt by a true story, Marquez eloquently critiques the collective psychology of the small Columbian coastal towns residents, whose response to the murder is portrayed through a strongly orchestrated framework of poetic beauty and literary phenomenon that preserves a chapter of history in a portrait of the 1950s community. I thoroughly enjoyed tuition Marquezs work and hope my enthusiasm was conveyed to the group.Discussion focussed on how contextual occurrenceors shaped the novella. Plagued by corruption stemming from Catholicism, full appreciation of Marquezs work is dependent upon pinch of apparitional contexts. Ironically, blatant disregard for religious scriptures implies a superficial nature to religious devotion. I communicated how , despite claiming to be devout Catholics, the neighbourhood undermine religious attitudes by lying to avoid culpability and killing to preserve discover. The insightfully articulated point explaining how forgiveness is the main teaching in Catholicism reinforced how trust cant be calld to justify honour killings since they are contradictory to Biblical teachings. We concluded that religion was being used to veil corrupt traditions and asynchronous sentiments.Marquez criticises male obligation to defend family honour. Reminiscent of a motto, there is conviction in the expression honour doesnt wait. Although women are objectified throughout, Angelas accusation that Santiago was her perpetrator be unquestioned, perhaps because, where preservation of honour is concerned, the sentiment supersedes the action itself. Someone said that possibility of the victims innocence was irrelevant Santiagos life compensated for the shame brought on the family. The equivocalness of biblical teac hings invites misinterpretation. Wiping dirt off his guts, ironically Santiago is the only one with honour.Someone thought cultural differences made relating to characters difficult, reducing overall reading joy I argued, however, time has enriched the story. Influenced by changing attitudes when the teller returns 27 years later to piece together the events of the murder, details are confused, suggesting that the townsfolk contract alter their memories to absolve themselves of misdeed and shared responsibility.Magical realism is a recurring motif. Implications of shared responsibility are shown through the enchanting direction everything smells of Santiago Nasar significative of the guilt that haunts the community. Poignant fantastical imagery confuses the distinction amongst reality and fiction and, like the investigation that inspired his work, there are many nonreciprocal questions.395 wordsAspect How does narrative perspective influence the readers understanding of th e events?Title Why does Marquez allow the selection of evidence to be influenced by a indispensable narrator and to what extent does this complicate the readers investigation into the question who or what is liable for the death of Santiago Nasar?Translated from the 1981 Spanish text, Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a tale embossed with irony and riddled with mystery. Inspired by a real event, Marquez critiques the collective psychology of the towns residents and their response to a cold-blooded murder. The distinction between fact and fiction is blurred by discrepancies presented within a complex narrative framework as our unnamed narrator investigates the murder. Although the journalistic style is convincing, like everything in this novel, the various accounts are not as they seem. Compounded by the absence of potentially enlightening documents, the investigation presents nothing more than a subjective compilation of inconsistencies. As the narrator rummages through a lagoon o f lost causes (100) attempting to recover partial records from the original investigation, we too must piece together an impossible nonplus of narrative ambiguities. No more reliable than the members of the community desperately trying to evade responsibility, our detective narrator filters and manipulates the evidence, imparting a fragmented report plagued with undecided mysteries. Thus, when approaching the underlying question who or what is responsible for the death of Santiago Nasar consideration of narrative perspective is essential to see through the misleading facade worn by the community.Narrative subjectivity is shrouded by a deceptive journalistic style. His unique position as a member of the community has fatal influence on the investigation proceedings, making it difficult to establish a trusting relationship with the narrator. We learn of neither his character nor his motivations for trying after so many years to disinter the horrific events, although hopes to unear th a forgotten deep that could restore coherence to the investigation are frequently implied. Despite his meticulous research, our narrator is unable to provide any persuasive evidence merely a subjective compilation of contradictory accounts, procured largely from sources confounded with bias. Whats more, the traditions and cultural value of the community keep back had subtle influences on the narrators work. Expressing an intrinsic belief in his mothers ability she had a well-earned reputation as an accurate interpreter of other peoples dreams(2), the narrator places great value on mythical allusions the hyphenated adjective well-earned implying a level of respect and perhaps even admiration for her ability. Although our narrators roots and his relationships with the central protagonists add a new dimension to the investigation, ultimately, like the smell of Santiago Nasar in the memories of the characters, uncertainty lingers in the mind of the reader as a consequence of his s ubjectivity.One of the study challenges the narrator encounters is the expressage availability of evidence failure to procure key details left many questions unsolvented during the original investigation and continues to riddle the taradiddle for readers today. Responsible for the selection of evidence, the narrator controls what information is available to the reader it is plausible that certain details remain undisclosed to protect his integrity. This is compounded by the fact only some 322 from the more than 500 (100) pages of an already deficient collection of documents were rescued by the narrator, implying the absence of details perhaps critical to the understanding of alive evidence and success of the investigation. In compensation for the lack of original evidence he interviews members of the community, but even these accounts are nebulous. Angelas mother, for example, refuses to speak of past events she went to her grave with her secret (46) her memories may have been cr itical in advancing the investigation, hence the denied information incites unwelcome feelings of missed chance. Such feelings of despair are reflected in this poignant image that reinforces how the secrets are concealed and out of reach, with a metaphorical evocation that the truth is inaccessible. One can only imagine a grave to be a lonely place for a secret buried deep in the ground and in total darkness, if light represents truth and understanding, this image may be symbolic of the unknown. There is also a suggestion that the community doesnt want the truth exposed as it would mean accepting a degree of culpability. more(prenominal) so than the reservations of key characters, it is the impossibility of retrieving certain memories that troubles the narrator. Officer Leandro Pornoy died the following year, gored in the jugular vein by a bull (53) earlier the narrator had the opportunity to talk to him. Here the graphic imagery is shocking and resembles something of a newspaper headline. Moreover, inclusion of gory details is consistent with the honest reporting style that veils the narrators subjectivity. Thus, the express mail availability of information serves to divert the readers already gruelling journey in search of the truth our confusion parallels that of our narrator.Used throughout the chronicle as a motif to reflect the emotional position of its characters, the weather is a topic of inconsistency, casting an element of mystery over the novel which is never explicitly addressed. Throughout, Marquez uses poor fallacy to convey characters attitudes. Victoria Guzman openly expressed an ardent dislike for Santiago Nasar and her lack of remorse for failing to prevent his murder is metaphorically implied in her statement, claiming It hadnt rained that day, or during the whole month of February (7) her conscience as clear as the sky in her testimony, she will continue to stand by her judgement. Reported to have been a radiant morning with a sea bree ze coming in through the banana groves (2), similar values are shared by other members of the community. The positive connotations associated with this image of pastoral harmony suggest a relatively content state of mind and lack of concern. Conversely, the narrator may have been motivated by a desire to absolve himself from the guilt haunting his conscience. Uncovering the truth would give the investigation a sense of closure, allowing Santiagos memory be left to rest in peace. Where light represents truth and knowledge, it seems apposite that the weather was funereal, with a cloudy, low sky (2). Blocking the sun in the same way answers have been concealed for 27 years, the clouds carry therefore symbolic importance. Hence, provided that questions remain unanswered, the narrator will never truly be able to rid himself of the guilt perhaps Marquez is presenting a subtle criticism of societys values in that murder should never be justified or accepted on the grounds of honour or pers onal aversion.The chronicle doesnt follow the typical narrative structure. Instead, intrinsic of the investigation itself, the reader first learns of the murder in the opening sentence before journeying alongside the narrator in an attempt to discover the truth behind the tragedy the reconstructed past fragmented as proceedings are recounted from various perspectives. Metaphorically, each shard of the broken mirror of memory (5) is a fragment of the truth that only when united can chance on the underlying truth. meticulous investigation presents a limited picture like a mirror, the closer the narrator scrutinises individual testimonies and solitary evidence, the more his desired answers elude him and multiple inconsistencies reveal a level of subjectivity. The narrator advocates the conviction of a foretold death because none of us could go on living without an exact knowledge of the place and billing assigned to us by fate. (97), hoping like the rest of the community, to detach himself from the situation, alleviating the burden of personal responsibility. The extent to which the death of Santiago Nasar can be attributed to fate, is, however, largely ambiguous. It is Marquezs use of magical realism that alludes to the number of obscure coincidences for which the only logical explanation is fate, sending the reader into a blurred conceptual zone somewhere between fact and fiction.Thus, subjectivity of our unnamed narrator in Chronicle of a Death Foretold can be seen to compromise the credibility of the narrative. The selection of already limited evidence, influenced by the narrators obligation to protect his community, further complicates the underlying investigation into the question who or what is responsible for the death of Santiago Nasar? His motivation may have been to answer this question however, it is difficult to identify a single offender given that the entire community is culpable to some degree. Many of the characters insist that fate is respons ible for Santiagos death the narrator included, but this is merely a facade, burying the shame that would inevitably be cast upon them should they reveal the truth of how they tolerated such(prenominal) a furious murder. Ultimately there is not one culprit, nor was the death of Santiago Nasar down to fate, rather it is the anachronistic traditions of the Roman Catholic community that should be criticised. Following affable progression, it is difficult for the ashamed community to dwell on events of the past as no justification seems logical or indeed adequate to defend such an unthinkable murder. The collective group overshadowed and plagued the thoughts of the individual but clearly what is popular is not always moral. His role is not to expose the truth as a member of that community, inability to accept responsibility will prevent the narrator from ever solving the mystery surrounding the death of Santiago Nasar. Ultimately, Marquez uses the narrator as a device to question the unreliability of the communitys collective voice.(1467 Words)

Impacts on Quality of Life and Performance

Impacts on Quality of Life and PerformanceSteps Towards SuccessAbhay ShrivastavaAbstract Success in general means achieving an cause or attaining one(a)nesss goal. To many nation achiever is life beat a comfortable and respectful life, some believe that success is a journey of hard take shape through endless efforts to achieve the desired goal, sm every-arm others reckon having hefty amount of money is a real success. But for me success is living your ambitions and fulfilling your desire. In the process of getting success one either achieves it or fails in his efforts. It is give tongue to by a great poet that the real perceptiveness of success push aside exclusively be under(a)s besidesd by a man who have tasted the defeat.Sometimes success also depends on the draw but thats not true in every case. Even if the fate is not favoring us we digest lead towards success by lay extra efforts and doing hard work. But fate without efforts leads us nowhere. One needs to put himself/herself into his/her goal whole heartedly. Success is also affected by the priorities of life, person wants to grow professionally while the other satisfies themselves by holding the responsibility of family i.e. their personal life or some large number wants to get the higher flock out in society. For all such people success mean differently.Index Terms Success, Hard work, Efforts, Goal, AimI. IntroductionThis paper is about what makes a passing in the quality of life of people, what makes a difference in their performance, so that they get the entrust they want. Everybody wants to be successful but to be successful one first has to understand what success means.Success in general means achieving an aim or attaining ones goal. To some people success is living a comfortable and respectful life, some believe that success is a journey of hard work through endless efforts to achieve the desired goal, while others think having hefty amount of money is a real successAccord ing to the great motivator Tony Robbins success is being able to do some(prenominal) you want, with whom ever you want, where ever you want as much as you want.According to diddly-shit Canfield success is fulfilling your souls purposeEvery savant has given a different definition about success but according to me success is living your dreams with both open and c omitd eyes and sharp the art of fulfilment.In the process of getting success one has to face many hindrances, many setbacks a lot of pain. But if a person faces them with cour board, he/she can be successful. But most people dont do that after attempt once or twice they claim to themselves that it cant be through with(p), it is not possible.We all know that Mr. Edison invented the bulb after more than 10,000 attempts. What if he had stopped trying after 10-20 attempts. We would not have bulbs. naught is impossible to a go awaying heart. Nothing is impossible if you are ready to recall the chance. If you dont know how to do the task what you are trying to do then take the guidance from the person who has already done that. Technical education can be achieved easily but attitude of not quitting has to be developed.A study shows that most of the people quit their task when they are about to succeed, they quit when they are at the doors of success. In YOU CAN bring in Mr Shiv Khera writes that every success story is a story of great failure, he shares the life history of a man who failed in business at the stick on of 21, was defeated in a legislative take to the woods at the age of 22, failed again in business at the age of 24, his sweetheart died when he was of age 26, had a nervous breakd avow at age 27, lost a congressional race at age 34, lost a senatorial race at age 45, failed in an effort to become wrong-doing- president at the age of 47, lost senatorial race at the age of 49, and was elected as the president of United States at the age of 52. This man was Abraham Lincoln.1 So it i s important to make continuous efforts in making your dream come true.II. SOME HINDRANCES IN victoryFear of failure/success. pretermit of self-confidence.No plan.Procrastinating.Family responsibility.Financial security issue.Insincerity about goal.Stress.Underestimation.Comparison with others.Worthiness.Negative AttitudeDoing too much alone.Lack of priority.Lack of training.Lack of resources.Most of the hindrances described above are not real, they are imaginary. They can be resolved by keeping certain points in mind. We all know what is holding us back. Usually most people wait for ideal conditions never get that. And successful people make the condition roaring for them.III. Following steps provide religious service you in reaching on acme of your lifeYouEverything starts from and with you. If you are ready, you can do anything. If you take the responsibility of your life, arouse and condition, if you stop blaming and strike uping, then you will start believing in yourself, you will begin to discover your strength cap index.What happens when we blame others for our mistakes, we neglect our weaknesses rather than focusing and overcoming them. If we complain about something we are being pessimistic, we focus on the lack of resources, we focus on what went wrong rather focusing on what can be done now.So we should stop blaming and complaining and should start accepting and taking the responsibility of our life. Nightingale state that all of us are self-make but only the successful will accept it so start believing in yourself.Goal SettingGoal setting is the most important factor in getting success. Its like knowing the destination where you want to reach. Most people are running without any goal, without knowing where they want to go. So set a goal first. It is important to set a goal in order to make an action plan. While setting a goal we should echo one thing, we should not mediocre set a goal, we should set a goal with time limit. Because if we ti me bound ourselves, our brain starts working faster. It wants to produce the result before the deadline. For example if you want to lose weight rather saying I want to lose weight say I want to lose 5 pound before 10 May 2014.Vague goals lead to vague results. Try to be more specific with time, when we have particular time duration to perform a task our brain functions more efficiently, with more concentrations. We all know the functionality of GPS system when we put the exact destination it shows us the way. What if we just put the name of the lane or city where we want to go, it will take us to the starting of that lane or city not at our destination. So we have to be more specific about our goals. What and By When. Because the things that we schedule are the things that we get done.Dream Big VisualizeGen. Wesley Clark (Former Head of NATO) give tongue to It doesnt take any more effort to dream a big dream than it does to dream a small dream. You have the ability to do things th at you cant even imagine. Most people dont realise that majority of people fail not because they aim too high and miss, but because they aim too low and hit and many dont aim at all. It is important to dream big because if we dream big we run into big, if we visualize big we put more efforts to make it real. It increases our efficiency, our dedication and concentration increases to turn the dream into reality. Dream big, dont think how you are release to do it, thats going to come in due time. You are going to develop a plan of action you will become the person who will attract the people and resources according to your need.Here is an example of turning a dream into reality. Everyone knows Chicken soup for the soul fame Jack Canfield and rig. One day they decided to sell 1 million copies of their book. They didnt know how they were going to do that, they just visualized it every day and night, one day after a seminar Jack took a bus to his home, the lady sitting next to him reco gnize him and asked you are chicken soup guy? What you and Mark are next up to? he replied we are trying to sell 1 million copies in one day she replied I can help you in doing that he asked how? She said we are buyer for the WB bookstore all over the world and rest is history. They sold 1 million copies in one day. Our visualization has power. Our mind cant rationalize surrounded by reality and visualization. An experiment was done on a bunch of people they were asked to closing curtain their eyes and imagine themselves standing on the roof of the world tallest building without any railing. Some of them started shivering and some stepped back, their brain didnt rationalize between reality and visualization.If we visualize our dream daily we force it to become reality. A study from Duke University Para Psychology center shows that our theorys have ultimate power. Whatever we visualize we send this energy upto 250,000 miles. Its like sending email up to 250,000 miles asking for r esponse, and the important thing is someone always responds sooner or later. interchangeable in the case of Jack and Mark, they just visualized their goal and got the reply few weeks later.Dr Masaru Emoto a Japanese author and entrepreneur described the power of thought in his book The hidden message in water. He said water has the capability to store energy. He did an experiment on water. He took a sample of water and told some people to send oppose energy (like useless, dirty, poisonous etc.) to the water and then took another sample and ask some people to send substantiating energy(like beautiful, calm, necessary, tasty etc.) then froze both the samples at 20 degree below 0. Once it was frozen they put both under the microscope. As the water started melting, it formed crystal and it was seen that different cast of energy formed different kind of crystals. The water which received overconfident energy made beautiful crystal and the water which received negative energy formed distorted crystal. They did this experiment on LAKE BIWA (The largest freshwater lake in Japan), and on Saint Crolx River that divides the plead Wisconsin and Minnesota, on Mississippi river. Why it is important because 85% of our body is made up of water by generating positive energy, by constantly sentiment positive we create positive energy inside us and vice versa.2Figure 1. Photo of negative energy water and positive energy water.Stay affirmativeBeing optimistic, having a positive attitude contributes a lot in ones success. Shiv Khera says positive thought process does not guaranteed success positive intellection increases the probability of success 1. Having a positive attitude makes a pleasing personality, it energizes you, it increases your enjoyment of life, inspires other people around you, help people in congruous a contributing member of society an asset to their country. For an organization to stay optimistic is very necessary as it helps in reducing stress, incre ases profit, breeds loyalty, makes for a gratifying atmosphere, increases productivity, fosters teamwork, solves problems, improves quality and creates a healthy environment in organization.Whenever we are positive we see good things happening around us, we become productive and if we are negative we see bad things and become destructive. You have to take the garbage out otherwise it will start stinking. As we all know Mr Thomas Edison at the age of 67 lost his factory to fire. After watching all his lifetime effort going up in smoke he said all our mistakes are burnt up. Thank god we can start anew. In spite of this whole tragedy he invented the phonograph. What an attitude, what if we all take this attitude and keep looking for sunny side in every situation. It doesnt mean to overlook the mistakes. It means to l establish from the mistakes and move ahead. Dont get stuck in your past experiences of failure, focus on the future plan. Whenever you feel negative go to a smiling baby. It is found that whenever a baby smiles it omits positive energy. Their aura is positive.One day a kid was playing a game connect 4 with his father. Father won 10 round consecutively then he stands up and says discussion, I am bored. I dont want to play anymore. I am going to bed. Son replied no, its not over until I win. They played several other rounds. After 11 rounds kid won and then he stood up and said I am ready to go to sleep now. This should be the attitude of every person who is chasing his dreams. After facing any failure everyone should say its not over until I win.EnvironmentEnvironment plays a major role in ones success. It is seen that majority of the people who are successful spend most of their hours working with the people of their interest. It has been seen that if you spend most of the time with optimistic people your attitude also becomes optimistic and vice versa. You have to choose your environment according to your need. You have to throw negative people ou t of your life who are draining your energy, who keep telling that you cant do it, who weaken you. You have to change your environment from negative to positive by being around people who nourish you, who give you energy, apprise your efforts, encourage you and inspire you. There is a saying that birds of a feather flock together. If you run around with looser you will end up a looser.If you want to become a singer spend your time with singers better than you, if you want to be a dancer spend your time with dancers better than you, if you earn Rs 10,000 a month and want to earn Rs 20,000 start spending your time with the people who are earning RS 20,000. By constantly spending your time with the people of your kind of interest you learn the skill to get the desired result.Take ActionWill to win is worthless until you have the will to prepare. Just by daydream big, visualizing and spending your time with the right is not fruitful until you take action in order to achieve your goal. It is said that Standing on earth thinking of sky, how would you ever get to fly. You cant achieve your aim just by visualizing it the whole day you also have to make a constant effort in order to improvise yourself to get the mastery on the particular subject. It is like sitting in a car and thinking to reach the destination without starting the car. First you have to put the key in then start driving after some time you will reach the destination. So take the step towards your dream.To get the result that only 5% of the population has, you have to have the guts to do what only 5% of the population is willing to do. Jim Rohn says you cant hire other people to do your pushups for you. To make yourself fit you cant hire other people to do exercise on your behalf similarly to become successful you cant rely on anyone else you have to take action on your own because nobody cares about your dream more than you do. So take action in order to make your dream come true.IV. ConclusionEvery iodin person can achieve his/her aim, everyone can make their dream come true just by deciding WHAT, HOW and WHEN. What do you want? How you are going to get it? And by when you want it? You can achieve you goal.Getting success is like knowing the combination to a lock, if you know the lock it doesnt social function who you are boy or girl, black or white the lock has to open. By following the steps discussed above everyone can make their dream come true.. We spend years in school learning about the lives of other successful people, but we devote hardly any time at all to studying ourselves. I believe that all of us are unique, have different potential and different qualities but all want to attain their aim. I once heard that everyone is born unique but most of us die copies. The major factor of failure is, not believing in ourselves and wondering(a) our potential. I believe that we all have the capability to produce gold. The paper guides us in finding and nurturing our goodne ss to unlock the keys to achievement. It motivates us to do what we moldiness do to get on and go on with our lives. Keeping in mind, Shiv Kheras view that the best idea will not work until we work upon that idea. . My penning offers practical tips and strategies for pulling yourself out of discouraging situations. Life does not always present us with an ideal situation in which we pursue our dreams. Paper explains how to dream, how to set goals, and how to equip yourself with succeed.ReferencesShiv khera, You can win(references)Dr Masaru Emoto, The hidden message in water(reference)Les Brown, Live your dreams. (references)Dr. David Schwartz The Magic of Thinking Big. (references)

Argentina - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette Essay -- Argentin

Understanding Global CulturesArgentinaArgentinaIntroductionArgentina is an 8th largest terra firma in the world. Cultural name of Argentina is Argentine and Argentinean. It is located in South America, with borders of Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Capital of Argentina is Buenos Aires. Primarily, most of the Argentines are European descent, which separates them from other Latin American countries. In Argentina, 97% of population have Spanish and Italian. Spanish is local terminology and also used into government offices. But Spanish language which use in Argentina is very different from Spanish which is spoken in Spain. There are also other different languages spoken in Argentina like Italian, German, English and French.In Argentina, 92% peoples are belong to Roman Catholic, Protestant and Jewish are respectively 2% and other 4%. The majority Argentines is Roman Catholics, but most of them are not actively practice the religion. Jews are migrated to Argentina at the end of the 19th century from eastern Europe, Russia, and the Middle East countries. Pentecostalism and other Protestant denominations are becoming quite popular among the lower class.CultureThe family is very important in the life of Argentine even though they live in extended families. Family head is a powerful & respectful person in their family, but with this come a accountability to care for others in terms of security, jobs, etc. and to maintain personal and family honour. Honour is very important in their routine day-to-day life in home, connection and business.Marriage is freely decided by men and women. It is one of the countries with the largest number of consensual unions. The Catholic Church is very influential and prominent ... ...e, Culture, Customs and Etiquette. ONLINE visible(prenominal) at http//www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/argentina.html. Last Accessed 4 February 2014.2.U.S. State Dept. Country Notes (2009). Argentina. ONLINE Available at http//www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107288.html. Last Accessed 4 February 2014.3.Karen Nagy (2009). Social Issues in Argentina. ONLINE Available at http//www.vivatravelguides.com/south-america/argentina/argentina-overview/social-issues-in-argentina/. Last Accessed 17 February 2014.4.Countries and Their Cultures (2009). Argentina. ONLINE Available at http//www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Argentina.html. Last Accessed 17 February 2014.5.Wikipedia.1998 2002 Argentina Great Depression. ONLINE Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression Last Accessed 17 February 2014

Whole Brain Model Essay -- Biology, Ned Hermann

Ned Hermann improved his model of Brain Dominance in 1979. His Whole Brain Model (Herman, 1995) combines Roger Sperrys left/right brain theory and Paul MacLeans triune model (rational brain, intermediate brain and primitive brain) to produce a quadrant model of the brain. The quadrants are Left Cerebral (upper left), Left limbic (lower left), Right Limbic (lower right), Right Cerebral (upper right), as with the other brain models, each area has functions connected it to produce a model of thinking and learning. Practitioners of HBDT use the following labels each quadrant for persons whose strongest preference is in that quadrantLeft Cerebral Theorists, Left Limbic Organizers, Right Limbic Humanitarians, Right Cerebral Innovators As Myers-Briggs Type indicant (MBTI) enthusiasts expertness speculate, there is a correlation between MBTI preference and HBDI preference. These two models focus on characterizing learners. There has been much further work in characterizing the cognitive Styles of different learners, such as the work of Furnham (1995) and Ramsden (1992) on Whole/Analytic organization and processing of information, and Verbal/Imagery representation of information. However, there is some vie about whether Cognitive Style should be considered part of Learning Style LS are more in terms of processes than outcomes (Duff, 2003, pp.5). Sadler-Smith (2001) also brings out in their news that Cognitive Style and LS are independent.This is similar to Dunn, Dunn and Price (1979) who identified the factors that influence learners in terms of five types of stimuli Environmental, Emotional, Sociological, Physiological, and Psychological. For each, they identified specific elements Environmental includes d... ...ers, and this mismatch might well be contributing significantly to their poor learning behaviors. There is extensive literature to show that focal pointal strategies that support multiple learning styles lift learning not only for ADHD students but all other students as well. Contrary to popular perception, using learning styles does not mean customizing instruction to each individual learners preferences, but instead providing opportunities to use multiple styles, including those they are less comfortable with. In addition to this, ADHD students impoverishment contextual support in the classroom, and this should be part of their intervention design. There is need for further research into devising instructional strategies that can take profit of the large body of material on learning styles and learning processes, and understanding their value for ADHD students.